Computerunterstützte Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie

ZusammenfassungHintergrund: Methoden der Virtuellen Realität werden in der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie zur Planung und dreidimensionalen individuellen Simulation operativer Eingriffe genutzt. Simulation: Um komplexe Eingriffe mit Hilfe des Computers simulieren zu können, müssen die diagnostischen Bilddaten, insbesondere verschiedene Aufnahmemodalitäten (CT, MRT, US), untereinander in Relation gesetzt werden, sodass ein schnelles Umschalten zwischen verschiedenen Modalitäten und das Betrachten von Mischbildern ermöglicht werden. Segmentierungstechniken zur Rekonstruktion dreidimensionaler Darstellungen von Weichgewebe- und Knochenteilen sind erforderlich. Es müssen intuitiv bedienbare und ergonomische Methoden zur Interaktion bereitgestellt werden, die dem Mediziner eine exakte und schnelle Eingabe der beabsichtigten chirurgischen Eingriffe in der Planungs- und Simulationsphase ermöglichen. Operation: In der Operationsphase wird dem Chirurgen mit Werkzeugen zur Instrumentennavigation bereits heute interaktive Unterstützung in Form von Operationsanleitung und Überwachung von Gefahrenpotentialen zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Formen künftiger intraoperativer Unterstützung sind einerseits solche passiven Werkzeuge zur Unterstützung der intraoperativen Orientierung, andererseits aber auch so genannte Nachführsysteme (semiaktive Systeme), die die chirurgische Tätigkeit begleiten und unterstützen, und letztendlich Roboter, die spezifische Schritte vollkommen autonom durchführen. Diskussion: Techniken der Virtuellen Realität erlangen auch in medizinischen Anwendungen zunehmend Bedeutung. Vieles befindet sich noch im Entwicklungs- oder Prototypstadium, bedeutende Auswirkungen auf die chirurgische Routinetätigkeit sind aber bereits absehbar.SummaryBackground: Methods from the area of virtual reality are used in oral and maxillofacial surgery for the planning and three-dimensional individual simulation of surgeries. Simulation: In order to simulate complex surgeries with the aid of a computer, the diagnostic image data and especially various imaging modalities (CT, MRT, US) must be arranged in relation to each other, thus enabling rapid switching between the various modalities as well as the viewing of mixed images. Segmenting techniques for the reconstruction of three-dimensional representations of soft-tissue and osseous areas are required. We must develop ergonomic and intuitively useable interaction methods for the surgeon, thus allowing for precise and fast entry of the planned surgical intervention in the planning and simulation phase. Surgery: During the surgical phase, instrument navigation tools offer the surgeon interactive support through operation guidance and control of potential dangers. This feature is already available today. Future intraoperative assistance will take the form of such passive tools for the support of intraoperative orientation as well as so-called tracking systems (semi-active systems) which accompany and support the surgeons’ work. The final form are robots which execute specific steps completely autonomously. Discussion: The techniques of virtual reality keep gaining in importance for medical applications. Many applications are still being developed or are still in the form of a prototype. However, it is already clear that developments in this area will have a considerable effect on the surgeon’s routine work.

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