Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

Visible light and infrared bands of the optical spectrum used for optical camera communication (OCC) are becoming a promising technology nowadays. Researchers are proposing new OCC-based architectures and applications in both indoor and outdoor systems using the embedded cameras on smartphones, with a view to making them user-friendly. Smartphones have useful features for developing applications using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor cameras, which can receive data from optical transmitters. However, several challenges have arisen in increasing the capacity and communication range, owing to the limitations of current cameras and implementation complexities. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the OCC technology requirements and opportunities using smartphone cameras from an implementation point of view. Furthermore, we demonstrate an OCC system using a low frame rate smartphone camera to particularly analyze the requirements and critical implementation challenges. Also, some possible solutions are provided with a view to improving the overall system capacity, communication distance, and stability.

[1]  Kaiming He,et al.  Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[2]  Dominic C. O'Brien,et al.  High data rate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) optical wireless communications using white led lighting , 2009, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[3]  Bangjiang Lin,et al.  A VLC Smartphone Camera Based Indoor Positioning System , 2018, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[4]  Wei Huang,et al.  Design and experimental demonstration of a real-time 95kbps optical camera communication system , 2016, 2016 10th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP).

[5]  Kate Ching-Ju Lin,et al.  RollingLight: Enabling Line-of-Sight Light-to-Camera Communications , 2015, MobiSys.

[6]  Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury,et al.  A New Vehicle Localization Scheme Based on Combined Optical Camera Communication and Photogrammetry , 2018, Mob. Inf. Syst..

[7]  Wei Liu,et al.  SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector , 2015, ECCV.

[8]  Kaiming He,et al.  Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[9]  I L Bailey,et al.  Human electroretinogram responses to video displays, fluorescent lighting, and other high frequency sources. , 1991, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[10]  Yunhao Liu,et al.  Towards Accurate Object Localization with Smartphones , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[11]  Xuan Tang,et al.  Undersampled phase shift ON-OFF keying for camera communication , 2014, 2014 Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP).

[12]  Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury,et al.  A Novel Indoor Mobile Localization System Based on Optical Camera Communication , 2018, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[13]  Ali Farhadi,et al.  YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement , 2018, ArXiv.

[14]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Smartphone Camera Based Visible Light Communication , 2016, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[15]  Jun Luo,et al.  CeilingTalk: Lightweight Indoor Broadcast Through LED-Camera Communication , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[16]  Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury,et al.  An Implementation Approach and Performance Analysis of Image Sensor Based Multilateral Indoor Localization and Navigation System , 2018, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[17]  Sung-Yoon Jung,et al.  Novel Flicker-Free Optical Camera Communications Based on Compressed Sensing , 2016, IEEE Communications Letters.

[18]  Rajendran Parthiban,et al.  LED Based Indoor Visible Light Communications: State of the Art , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[19]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Optical Camera Communications , 2016 .

[20]  Richard D. Roberts,et al.  Undersampled frequency shift ON-OFF keying (UFSOOK) for camera communications (CamCom) , 2013, 2013 22nd Wireless and Optical Communication Conference.

[21]  Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury,et al.  Fuzzy Based Network Assignment and Link-Switching Analysis in Hybrid OCC/LiFi System , 2018, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[22]  Yeong Min Jang,et al.  Survey on optical camera communications: challenges and opportunities , 2015 .

[23]  Yi Li,et al.  R-FCN: Object Detection via Region-based Fully Convolutional Networks , 2016, NIPS.

[24]  Thai-Chien Bui,et al.  Demonstration of using camera communication based infrared LED for uplink in indoor visible light communication , 2016, 2016 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Communications and Electronics (ICCE).

[25]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Undersampled Pulse Width Modulation for Optical Camera Communications , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops).

[26]  Chi-Wai Chow,et al.  Color-Shift Keying and Code-Division Multiple-Access Transmission for RGB-LED Visible Light Communications Using Mobile Phone Camera , 2014, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[27]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Undersampled-Based Modulation Schemes for Optical Camera Communications , 2018, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[28]  Kaiming He,et al.  Mask R-CNN , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[29]  Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury,et al.  A Comparative Survey of Optical Wireless Technologies: Architectures and Applications , 2018, IEEE Access.

[30]  Chang-Jun Ahn,et al.  Mobile Phone Camera-Based Indoor Visible Light Communications With Rotation Compensation , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[31]  Jian Sun,et al.  Spatial Pyramid Pooling in Deep Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognition , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[32]  Xuan Tang,et al.  Experimental Demonstration of a 1024-QAM Optical Camera Communication System , 2016, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[33]  Lih Chieh Png,et al.  Experimental Demonstration of RGB LED-Based Optical Camera Communications , 2015, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[34]  Hideo Makino,et al.  Indoor positioning using a high-speed, fish-eye lens-equipped camera in Visible Light Communication , 2013, International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation.

[35]  Wan-Young Chung,et al.  Multilevel Intensity-Modulation for Rolling Shutter-Based Optical Camera Communication , 2018, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[36]  Jenn-Kaie Lain,et al.  Non-Line-of-Sight Optical Camera Communication in a Heterogeneous Reflective Background , 2019, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[37]  Yun Liu,et al.  Color-Shift Keying for Optical Camera Communication Using a Rolling Shutter Mode , 2019, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[38]  Shihao Zhang,et al.  An Indoor Visible Light Positioning System Based on Optical Camera Communications , 2017, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.