Food authentication by PCR-based methods

Food authenticity is presently a subject of great concern to food authorities, as the incorrect labelling of foodstuffs can represent a commercial fraud. The implication of misleading labelling can be much more important concerning the presence of potentially allergenic foods. The need to support food labelling has provided the development of analytical techniques for the analysis of food ingredients. In the last years, several methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been proposed as useful means for identifying species of origin in foods, as well as food allergens and genetically modified organisms (GMO), due to their high specificity and sensitivity, as well as rapid processing time and low cost. This work intends to provide an updated and extensive overview on the PCR-based methods for food authentication, including also methods for allergens and GMO the detection in foods.

[1]  K. Rudi,et al.  Differentiation of important and closely related cereal plant species (Poaceae) in food by hybridization to an oligonucleotide array. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[2]  R. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Molecular identification of cephalopod species by FINS and PCR-RFLP of a cytochrome b gene fragment , 2003 .

[3]  A. Blanco,et al.  Identification of virgin olive oil from different cultivars by analysis of DNA microsatellites. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[4]  J. Vieites,et al.  PCR technique for identification of mussel species. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[5]  D. Farrell,et al.  Evaluation of a rapid PCR-based method for the detection of animal material. , 2005, Journal of food protection.

[6]  C. Hischenhuber,et al.  Determination of locust bean gum and guar gum by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. , 2001, Journal of AOAC International.

[7]  S. Panseri,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis to detect terrestrial animal protein in fish meal. , 2003, Journal of food protection.

[8]  José Luis La Paz,et al.  Comparison of real-time PCR detection chemistries and cycling modes using Mon810 event-specific assays as model. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[9]  R. Branciari,et al.  Use of duplex polymerase chain reaction (duplex-PCR) technique to identify bovine and water buffalo milk used in making mozzarella cheese , 2001, Journal of Dairy Research.

[10]  Litao Yang,et al.  Event-specific quantitative detection of nine genetically modified maizes using one novel standard reference molecule. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[11]  H. Rehbein.  Identification of the fish species of raw or cold-smoked salmon and salmon caviar by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis , 2005 .

[12]  I. Krause,et al.  An indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of cows’ milk and caseinate in goats’ and ewes’ milk and cheese using polyclonal antibodies against bovine γ-caseins , 1997 .

[13]  R. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Validation of a PCR-RFLP based method for the identification of salmon species in food products , 2001 .

[14]  M. T. Bottero,et al.  Identification of cow's milk in "buffalo" cheese by duplex polymerase chain reaction. , 2002, Journal of food protection.

[15]  P. Brodmann,et al.  Sensitive and semi-quantitative TaqMan™ real-time polymerase chain reaction systems for the detection of beef (Bos taurus) and the detection of the family Mammalia in food and feed. , 2003, Meat science.

[16]  Knut Rudi,et al.  5'-Nuclease PCR for quantitative event-specific detection of the genetically modified Mon810 MaisGard maize , 2002 .

[17]  C. Fogher,et al.  DNA extraction from olive oil and its use in the identification of the production cultivar , 2003 .

[18]  V. Terzi,et al.  Development of analytical systems based on real-time PCR for Triticum species-specific detection and quantitation of bread wheat contamination in semolina and pasta , 2003 .

[19]  R. Stephan,et al.  Conventional and real-time PCR-based approaches for molecular detection and quantitation of bovine species material in edible gelatin. , 2005, Journal of food protection.

[20]  Knut Rudi,et al.  A novel multiplex quantitative DNA array based PCR (MQDA-PCR) for quantification of transgenic maize in food and feed. , 2003, Nucleic acids research.

[21]  J. Lüthy,et al.  Quantitative competitive (QC) PCR for quantification of porcine DNA. , 2001, Meat science.

[22]  E. Ruiz-Pesini,et al.  Direct and highly species-specific detection of pork meat and fat in meat products by PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA. , 2000, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[23]  T. García,et al.  Species-specific PCR for the identification of ruminant species in feedstuffs. , 2007, Meat science.

[24]  H. Mayer.  Milk species identification in cheese varieties using electrophoretic, chromatographic and PCR techniques , 2005 .

[25]  E. Perri,et al.  Recovery and characterisation of DNA from virgin olive oil , 2002 .

[26]  A. Cifuentes,et al.  Sensitive and simultaneous analysis of five transgenic maizes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, capillary gel electrophoresis, and laser‐induced fluorescence , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[27]  J. Rentsch,et al.  PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA: a reliable method for species identification. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[28]  B. Betzios,et al.  Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Protein and Genetic Traits in Genetically Modified Food , 2004 .

[29]  Teresa García,et al.  PCR-RFLP authentication of meats from red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goat (Capra hircus). , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[30]  A. Blanco,et al.  Identification of durum wheat cultivars and monovarietal semolinas by analysis of DNA microsatellites , 1999 .

[31]  Dabing Zhang,et al.  Identification and quantification of three genetically modified insect resistant cotton lines using conventional and TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[32]  T. García,et al.  Quantitation of mule duck in goose foie gras using TaqMan real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction. , 2004, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[33]  M. Cortesi,et al.  Multiplex PCR method for use in real-time PCR for identification of fish fillets from grouper (Epinephelus and Mycteroperca species) and common substitute species. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[34]  H. Khatib,et al.  Milk as a source of deoxyribonucleic acid and as a substrate for the polymerase chain reaction. , 1993, Journal of dairy science.

[35]  A. Cepeda,et al.  Application of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method as a complementary tool to microscopic analysis for the detection of bones and other animal tissues in home‐made animal meals , 2004 .

[36]  P. Taberlet,et al.  Detection of cows' milk in goats' cheeses inferred from mitochondrial DNA polymorphism , 2001, Journal of Dairy Research.

[37]  J. Lüthy,et al.  A quantitative competitive PCR system to detect contamination of wheat, barley or rye in gluten-free food for coeliac patients , 2001 .

[38]  C. Meredith,et al.  Vitis vinifera must varietal authentication using microsatellite DNA analysis (SSR). , 2000, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[39]  A. Blanco,et al.  Detection of soft wheat in semolina and durum wheat bread by analysis of DNA microsatellites. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[40]  A. Céspedes,et al.  Identification of the clam species Ruditapes decussatus (Grooved carpet shell), Venerupis pullastra (Pullet carpet shell), and Ruditapes philippinarum (Japanese carpet shell)by PCR-RFLP. , 2000, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[41]  I. Krause,et al.  Species identification in dairy products by three different DNA-based techniques , 1997 .

[42]  J Pauwels,et al.  IUPAC collaborative trial study of a method to detect genetically modified soy beans and maize in dried powder. , 1999, Journal of AOAC International.

[43]  T. Tengs,et al.  Equal performance of TaqMan, MGB, molecular beacon, and SYBR green-based detection assays in detection and quantification of roundup ready soybean. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[44]  J. Lüthy,et al.  PCR-RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA: Differentiation of Fish Species , 2000 .

[45]  Domenico Pangallo,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of celery (Apium graveolens) in food , 2004 .

[46]  M. Maher,et al.  Species-specific PCR for the identification of ovine, porcine and chicken species in meta and bone meal (MBM). , 2001, Molecular and cellular probes.

[47]  R. Marchelli,et al.  A microarray platform for parallel detection of five transgenic events in foods: a combined polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction-universal array method. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[48]  S Muroya,et al.  A quick and simple method for the identification of meat species and meat products by PCR assay. , 1999, Meat science.

[49]  A. Wurz,et al.  Quantitative analysis of genetically modified organisms (GMO) in processed food by PCR-based methods , 1999 .

[50]  Roberto Corradini,et al.  A PNA-array platform for the detection of hidden allergens in foodstuffs , 2006 .

[51]  S. Prat,et al.  A rapeseed-specific gene, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, can be used as a reference for qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR detection of transgenes from mixed food samples. , 2001, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[52]  S. Oehlschlager,et al.  Determination of percentage of RoundUp Ready soya in soya flour using real-time polymerase chain reaction: interlaboratory study. , 2003, Journal of AOAC International.

[53]  José Luis La Paz,et al.  Interlaboratory transfer of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitative detection of genetically modified maize event TC-1507. , 2006, Journal of AOAC International.

[54]  R. Osta,et al.  Beef- and bovine-derived material identification in processed and unprocessed food and feed by PCR amplification. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[55]  Y. B. Che Man,et al.  Identification of pork derivatives in food products by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for halal verification , 2007 .

[56]  J. Claude Cheftel,et al.  Food and nutrition labelling in the European Union , 2005 .

[57]  K. Dodds,et al.  Evaluation of microsatellites as a potential tool for product tracing of ground beef mixtures. , 2005, Meat science.

[58]  M. Hardegger,et al.  Quantitative detection of the 35S promoter and the NOS terminator using quantitative competitive PCR , 1999 .

[59]  P. Reece,et al.  Detection of peanut using real-time polymerase chain reaction , 2003 .

[60]  S. Prat,et al.  A Specific Real-Time Quantitative PCR Detection System for Event MON810 in Maize YieldGard® Based on the 3′-Transgene Integration Sequence , 2003, Transgenic Research.

[61]  S. Balzan,et al.  Real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction detection and quantification of cow DNA in pure water buffalo mozzarella cheese: method validation and its application on commercial samples. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[62]  A. Cifuentes,et al.  Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms in Foods by DNA Amplification Techniques , 2004, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[63]  S. Vollenhofer,et al.  Genetically modified organisms in food-screening and specific detection by polymerase chain reaction. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[64]  S. Vieths,et al.  Detection of potentially allergenic hazelnut (Corylus avellana) residues in food: a comparative study with DNA PCR-ELISA and protein sandwich-ELISA. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[65]  L. Cocolin,et al.  Molecular methods for the differentiation of species used in production of cod-fish can detect commercial frauds , 2005 .

[66]  S. Prat,et al.  Development of real-time PCR systems based on SYBR® Green I, Amplifluor™ and TaqMan® technologies for specific quantitative detection of the transgenic maize event GA21 , 2004 .

[67]  Elke Anklam,et al.  Analytical methods for detection and determination of genetically modified organisms in agricultural crops and plant-derived food products , 2002 .

[68]  K. Cammann,et al.  Differentiation of animal species in food by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization , 2004 .

[69]  K. Mullis,et al.  Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. , 1985, Science.

[70]  R. Osta,et al.  Quantitative PCR detection of pork in raw and heated ground beef and pâté. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[71]  J. Lüthy,et al.  Detection of wheat contamination in oats by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , 1998 .

[72]  T. Pan,et al.  Detection of genetically modified maize MON810 and NK603 by multiplex and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[73]  Dietrich Maede.  A strategy for molecular species detection in meat and meat products by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing using mitochondrial and chromosomal genetic sequences , 2006 .

[74]  P. Hernández,et al.  Application of a polymerase chain reaction to detect adulteration of ovine cheeses with caprine milk , 2007 .

[75]  Seong-hun Lee,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for genetically modified maize MON863. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[76]  Arne Holst-Jensen,et al.  Event specific real-time quantitative PCR for genetically modified Bt11 maize (Zea mays) , 2003 .

[77]  J. Bania,et al.  Application of polymerase chain reaction for detection of goats' milk adulteration by milk of cow , 2001, Journal of Dairy Research.

[78]  D. O’Sullivan,et al.  Non-concordance between genetic profiles of olive oil and fruit: a cautionary note to the use of DNA markers for provenance testing. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[79]  R. Aparicio,et al.  Authentication of vegetable oils by chromatographic techniques. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[80]  L. Skibsted,et al.  Effect of sage and garlic on lipid oxidation in high-pressure processed chicken meat , 2008 .

[81]  C. Consolandi,et al.  Detection and quantitation of genetically modified maize (Bt-176 transgenic maize) by applying ligation detection reaction and universal array technology. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[82]  I. González,et al.  Identification of goose (Anser anser) and mule duck (Anasplatyrhynchos x Cairina moschata) foie gras by multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 5S RDNA gene. , 2001, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[83]  B. Sasikumar,et al.  PCR Based Detection of Adulteration in the Market Samples of Turmeric Powder , 2004 .

[84]  S Tombelli,et al.  Biosensors as new analytical tool for detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) , 2001, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry.

[85]  Francesco Caponio,et al.  Effectiveness of microsatellite DNA markers in checking the identity of protected designation of origin extra virgin olive oil. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[86]  J. Lüthy,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis: a simple method for species identification in food. , 1995, Journal of AOAC International.

[87]  P. Shewry,et al.  DNA-based methods for identification and quantification of small grain cereal mixtures and fingerprinting of varieties , 2005 .

[88]  A. Holck,et al.  Detection of celery (Apium graveolens), mustard (Sinapis alba, Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra) and sesame (Sesamum indicum) in food by real-time PCR , 2008 .

[89]  Francesca Patrignani,et al.  Use of natural aroma compounds to improve shelf-life and safety of minimally processed fruits , 2004 .

[90]  Á. Comesaña,et al.  Molecular identification of five commercial flatfish species by PCR-RFLP analysis of a 12S rRNA gene fragment , 2003 .

[91]  I. Malmheden Yman,et al.  Real Time PCR for the detection and discrimination of cereal contamination in gluten free foods , 2003 .

[92]  B. Břežná,et al.  A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of walnuts in food , 2006 .

[93]  M. Maher,et al.  Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of bovine DNA in meat and bone meal samples. , 2002, Journal of food protection.

[94]  J. Lenstra,et al.  Species origin of milk in Italian mozzarella and Greek feta cheese. , 2000, Journal of food protection.

[95]  C. Peano,et al.  Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and ligation detection reaction/universal array technology for the traceability of genetically modified organisms in foods. , 2005, Analytical biochemistry.

[96]  P. This,et al.  Analysis of grape Vitis vinifera L. DNA in must mixtures and experimental mixed wines using microsatellite markers. , 2002, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[97]  R. Marchelli,et al.  Development of a seven-target multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of transgenic soybean and maize in feeds and foods. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[98]  T. García,et al.  Detection and quantification of goat's cheese in ewe's cheese using a monoclonal antibody and two ELISA formats , 1999 .

[99]  F. Schena,et al.  A general multiplex-PCR assay for the general detection of genetically modified soya and maize , 2005 .

[100]  D. Pangallo,et al.  A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of hazelnuts in food , 2008 .

[101]  Christine Hupfer,et al.  Development and validation of a real-time PCR detection method for celery in food , 2007 .

[102]  Urs Pauli,et al.  Event Specific Transgene Detection in Bt11 Corn by Quantitative PCR at the Integration Site , 2000 .

[103]  Margaret J. Green,et al.  Reliable detection and identification of genetically modified maize, soybean, and canola by multiplex PCR analysis. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[104]  A. Puyet,et al.  Identification and quantitation of species in complex DNA mixtures by real-time polymerase chain reaction. , 2005, Analytical biochemistry.

[105]  G. Wiseman.  State of the art and limitations of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. , 2002, Journal of AOAC International.

[106]  Arne Holst-Jensen,et al.  PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[107]  E Anklam,et al.  Methods for allergen analysis in food: a review , 2004, Food additives and contaminants.

[108]  J. Weder,et al.  Influence of Experimental Conditions on the Reproducibility of RAPD-PCR Identification of Legumes and Cereals , 2002 .

[109]  T. García,et al.  Quantitative detection of goats’ milk in sheep’s milk by real-time PCR , 2007 .

[110]  Neil Harris,et al.  Event-specific detection of Roundup Ready Soya using two different real time PCR detection chemistries , 2001 .

[111]  R. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Fish species identification in canned tuna by PCR-SSCP : validation by a collaborative study and investigation of intra-species variability of the DNA-patterns , 1999 .

[112]  M. Etienne,et al.  Molecular phylogeny and species identification of sardines. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[113]  Marta Hernández,et al.  Interlaboratory transfer of a PCR multiplex method for simultaneous detection of four genetically modified maize lines: Bt11, MON810, T25, and GA21. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[114]  R. Onori,et al.  Real-time PCR multiplex method for the quantification of Roundup Ready soybean in raw material and processed food , 2006 .

[115]  S. Vieths,et al.  Development of a real-time PCR and a sandwich ELISA for detection of potentially allergenic trace amounts of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in processed foods. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[116]  T. García,et al.  Real-time TaqMan PCR for quantitative detection of cows’ milk in ewes’ milk mixtures , 2007 .

[117]  R. Fani,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial cytb gene from species of dairy interest. , 2005, Journal of AOAC International.

[118]  E. Carrera,et al.  Genetic differentiation between sole (Solea solea) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) by PCR–RFLP analysis of a 12S rRNA gene fragment , 2000 .

[119]  G. Guerriero,et al.  Identification of gadoid species (Pisces, Gadidae) by sequencing and PCR–RFLP analysis of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments , 2007 .

[120]  H. Berthoud,et al.  Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods for four genetically modified maize varieties and maize DNA content in food. , 2002, Journal of AOAC International.

[121]  A. Puyet,et al.  Evaluation of post-polymerase chain reaction melting temperature analysis for meat species identification in mixed DNA samples. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[122]  C. Hänni,et al.  Food and forensic molecular identification: update and challenges. , 2005, Trends in biotechnology.

[123]  Edgar Studer,et al.  Quantitative competitive PCR for the detection of genetically modified soybean and maize , 1998 .

[124]  A. Céspedes,et al.  Identification of Nile perch (Lates niloticus), grouper (Epinephelus guaza), and wreck fish (Polyprion americanus) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of a 12S rRNA gene fragment. , 2000, Journal of food protection.

[125]  M. Arlorio,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of puroindoline b and ribosomal/puroindoline b multiplex PCR for the detection of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Italian pasta , 2003 .

[126]  G. Russo,et al.  Quantitative detection of Secale cereale by real-time PCR amplification , 2004 .

[127]  M. Pardo,et al.  Application of relative quantification TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction technology for the identification and quantification of Thunnus alalunga and Thunnus albacares. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[128]  Rolf Meyer,et al.  Development and application of DNA analytical methods for the detection of GMOs in food , 1999 .

[129]  H. Hotzel,et al.  PCR-based quantification of genetically modified Bt maize: single-competitive versus dual-competitive approach , 2000 .

[130]  S. Vieths,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of potentially allergenic hazelnut residues in complex food matrixes , 2000 .

[131]  T. García,et al.  Immunostick ELISA for Detection of Cow's Milk in Ewe's Milk and Cheese Using a Monoclonal Antibody against Bovine β-Casein. , 1996, Journal of food protection.

[132]  T. García,et al.  Genetic differentiation between the clam species Ruditapes decussatus (grooved carpet shell) and Venerupis pullastra (pullet carpet shell) by PCR–SSCP analysis , 2002 .

[133]  T. García,et al.  Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for identification of grouper (Epinephelus guaza), wreck fish (Polyprion americanus), and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) fillets. , 2002, Journal of Food Protection.

[134]  G. Greppi,et al.  Detection of adulteration in italian mozzarella cheese using mitochondrial DNA templates as biomarkers , 2005 .

[135]  K. G. Berdal,et al.  Roundup Ready® soybean event-specific real-time quantitative PCR assay and estimation of the practical detection and quantification limits in GMO analyses , 2001 .

[136]  E. Rencová,et al.  Identification of species-specific DNA in feedstuffs. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[137]  J. Chisholm,et al.  Development of a method for the quantification of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in commercial products using real-time PCR , 2005 .

[138]  Ashutosh Kumar,et al.  Species identification and authentication of tissues of animal origin using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. , 2007, Meat science.

[139]  M Vaïtilingom,et al.  Real-time quantitative PCR detection of genetically modified Maximizer maize and Roundup Ready soybean in some representative foods. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[140]  U. Agrimi,et al.  A competitive polymerase chain reaction-based approach for the identification and semiquantification of mitochondrial DNA in differently heat-treated bovine meat and bone meal. , 2003, Journal of food protection.

[141]  G. Skorski,et al.  Comparative study of methods for DNA preparation from olive oil samples to identify cultivar SSR alleles in commercial oil samples: possible forensic applications. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[142]  P. Taberlet,et al.  Holstein's milk detection in cheeses inferred from melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) gene polymorphism. , 2002, Journal of dairy science.

[143]  T. García,et al.  Qualitative PCR for the detection of chicken and pork adulteration in goose and mule duck foie gras , 2003 .

[144]  Heng Zhao,et al.  Rapid and reliable detection and identification of GM events using multiplex PCR coupled with oligonucleotide microarray. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[145]  R. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Identification of gadoid fish species using DNA-based techniques , 2003 .

[146]  Edgar Studer,et al.  Quantitative competitive PCR for the detection of genetically modified organisms in food , 1999 .

[147]  Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Use of mtDNA Direct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Sequencing and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Methodologies in Species Identification of Canned Tuna , 1998 .

[148]  T. García,et al.  PCR identification of meats from chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica), and mouflon (Ovis ammon) targeting specific sequences from the mitochondrial D-loop region. , 2007, Meat science.

[149]  M. Ferreira,et al.  Detecção de adulterações em produtos alimentares contendo leite e/ou proteínas lácteas , 2002 .

[150]  Anil K. Deisingh,et al.  Detection approaches for genetically modified organisms in foods , 2005 .

[151]  C. Consolandi,et al.  Detection of genetically modified soybean using peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and microarray technology. , 2004, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[152]  E. Ilg,et al.  Identifying unknown game species: experience with nucleotide sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and a subsequent basic local alignment search tool search , 2001 .

[153]  H. Waiblinger,et al.  Validation of real-time PCR methods for the quantification of transgenic contaminations in rape seed , 2002 .

[154]  Beatriz P. P. Oliveira,et al.  A novel approach to the quantification of bovine milk in ovine cheeses using a duplex polymerase chain reaction method. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[155]  Michael Komaitis,et al.  Effectiveness of determinations of fatty acids and triglycerides for the detection of adulteration of olive oils with vegetable oils , 2004 .

[156]  Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Challenges in the identification of species of canned fish , 1999 .

[157]  J. Lüthy,et al.  Detection of pork in heated meat products by the polymerase chain reaction. , 1994, Journal of AOAC International.

[158]  E. Rencová,et al.  Quantitative detection of species-specific DNA in feedstuffs and fish meals. , 2005, Journal of food protection.

[159]  Teresa García,et al.  TaqMan real-time PCR for the detection and quantitation of pork in meat mixtures. , 2005, Meat science.

[160]  F. Toldrá,et al.  PCR-based fingerprinting techniques for rapid detection of animal species in meat products. , 2004, Meat science.

[161]  G. Martin,et al.  Detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by PCR: a brief review of methodologies available , 1998 .

[162]  Jeffrey L. Ram,et al.  Authentication of Canned Tuna and Bonito by Sequence and Restriction Site Analysis of Polymerase Chain Reaction Products of Mitochondrial DNA , 1996 .

[163]  E. Perri,et al.  Detection of DNA in virgin olive oils extracted from destoned fruits , 2007 .

[164]  Margaret J. Green,et al.  Detection and quantification of roundup ready soy in foods by conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[165]  A. Cepeda,et al.  Detection of bovine DNA in raw and heat-processed foodstuffs, commercial foods and specific risk materials by a novel specific polymerase chain reaction method , 2005 .

[166]  R. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish between salmon species. , 2000, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[167]  M. T. Bottero,et al.  A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the identification of cows’, goats’ and sheep's milk in dairy products , 2003 .

[168]  H Schimmel,et al.  Detection and traceability of genetically modified organisms in the food production chain. , 2004, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[169]  Patrick Philipp,et al.  A Microarray-based Detection System for Genetically Modified (GM) Food Ingredients , 2006, Plant Molecular Biology.

[170]  G. Tantillo,et al.  DETECTION OF COW MILK IN BUFFALO “MOZZARELLA” BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ASSAY , 2004 .

[171]  M. Juárez,et al.  Authenticity Assessment of Dairy Products , 2005, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[172]  A. K Lockley,et al.  DNA-based methods for food authentication , 2000 .

[173]  J. Lüthy,et al.  Differentiation of sturgeon species by PCR-RFLP , 1999 .

[174]  I. Ferreira,et al.  Detection and quantification of bovine, ovine and caprine milk percentages in protected denomination of origin cheeses by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of beta-lactoglobulins. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. A.

[175]  Hernan Valdivia,et al.  Quantitative event-specific multiplex PCR detection of Roundup Ready soya using LabChip technology , 2003 .

[176]  M. Rodríguez,et al.  PCR detection of cows’ milk in water buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese , 2005 .

[177]  R. Pérez-Martín,et al.  Identification of Hake species (Merluccius Genus) using sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. , 2001, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[178]  S. Garrett,et al.  Fish species identification using PCR-RFLP analysis and lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis: application to detect white fish species in food products and an interlaboratory study. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[179]  Xu-ping Fu,et al.  Event-specific detection of seven genetically modified soybean and maizes using multiplex-PCR coupled with oligonucleotide microarray. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[180]  S. Garrett,et al.  Detection of meat species using TaqMan real-time PCR assays. , 2004, Meat science.

[181]  R. Levin.  The Application of Real-Time PCR to Food and Agricultural Systems. A Review , 2004 .

[182]  T. García,et al.  Rapid detection of cows' milk in sheeps' and goats' milk by a species-specific polymerase chain reaction technique. , 2004, Journal of dairy science.

[183]  A. Cepeda,et al.  Survey of authenticity of meat species in food products subjected to different technological processes, by means of PCR-RFLP analysis , 2004 .

[184]  Despina P Kalogianni,et al.  Nanoparticle-based DNA biosensor for visual detection of genetically modified organisms. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[185]  T. García,et al.  PCR-SSCP: a simple method for the authentication of grouper (Epinephelus guaza), wreck fish (Polyprion americanus), and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) fillets. , 2001, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[186]  H. Permingeat,et al.  Detection and quantification of transgenes in grains by multiplex and real-time PCR. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[187]  T. García,et al.  Application of polymerase chain reaction to detect adulteration of sheep's milk with goats' milk. , 2005, Journal of dairy science.

[188]  K. Engel,et al.  Quantification of DNA from genetically modified organisms in composite and processed foods , 2006 .

[189]  Y. Man,et al.  Detection of pig derivatives in food products for halal authentication by polymerase chain reaction –restriction fragment length polymorphism , 2007 .

[190]  M. Schauzu,et al.  Methods for the detection of beef and pork in foods using real-time polymerase chain reaction , 2003 .

[191]  Roberto Corradini,et al.  Development of a peptide nucleic acid array platform for the detection of genetically modified organisms in food. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[192]  E. Carrera,et al.  Identification of sole (Solea solea) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) by PCR amplification of the 5S rDNA gene. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[193]  K. McDonnell,et al.  Development of a DNA-based assay for species identification in meat and bone meal , 2001 .

[194]  R. Marchelli,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction coupled with peptide nucleic acid high-performance liquid chromatography for the sensitive detection of traces of potentially allergenic hazelnut in foodstuffs , 2005 .

[195]  Nelson Marmiroli,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the genomic DNA extracted from GMO and non-GMO foodstuffs with four different extraction methods. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[196]  F. Santaclara,et al.  Development of a method for the genetic identification of mussel species belonging to Mytilus, Perna, Aulacomya, and other genera. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[197]  A. Cifuentes,et al.  Combining microsatellite markers and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence to identify the grape (Vitis vinifera) variety of musts , 2006 .

[198]  I. González,et al.  Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for species identification of goose and mule duck in foie gras products. , 2003, Meat science.

[199]  I. Mafra,et al.  A duplex polymerase chain reaction for the quantitative detection of cows’ milk in goats’ milk cheese , 2007 .