A survey for prevalence of coronary artery disease and its risk factors in an urban population in Andhra Pradesh.

Objectives: The present cross-sectional community-based study was conducted to assess the prevalence and risk factors for coronary artery disease (cAD) in an urban community in Tenali, Andhra Pradesh. Methods: A survey was carried out in two localities of Tenali town, Andhra Pradesh (A.P) namely Gandhinagar and Nazarpet between July 2009 and October 2009. A total of 534 people aged 20 years and above in randomly selected houses in each street of the 2 localities were examined. All of them underwent oral glucose tolerance test and lipid profile estimation and a 12-lead electrocardiogram. cAD was diagnosed based on previous medical history and documented myocardial infarction and/or coronary intervention procedures or minnesota coding of EcGs. Results: The overall prevalence rate of cAD was 5.4% (age standardized prevalence rate = 5.1%). The prevalence rate of cAD were 3.0%, 23.5% and 11.3% in persons with normal glucose tolerance impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus respectively. Prevalence of cAD increased with an increase in total cholesterol (P<0.01), serum triglycerides (P<0.01) low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P<0.01) and total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (P <0.01). multiple logistic regression analysis identified age (odds ratio O.r.1.068, P=0.0001), LDL cholesterol (O.r. 0.98, P=0.03), total cholesterol (O.r.1.107, P=0.059) had a significant association with cAD. Conclusions: Observations from our community based study indicate that prevalence of cAD in urban Andhra Pradesh is alarmingly high as observed in other parts of India and urgent steps are to be taken to adopt life style changes and to control risk factors.

[1]  P. Weber,et al.  Vitamin E and human health: rationale for determining recommended intake levels. , 1997, Nutrition.

[2]  W. Stahl,et al.  Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[3]  Sridevi Devaraj,et al.  A Dose-Response Study on the Effects of Purified Lycopene Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress , 2008, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[4]  T. Ashavaid,et al.  Health status of Indian population--current scenario. , 2004, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[5]  Rajeev Gupta,et al.  Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in the urban population of Jaipur in western India , 1995, Journal of hypertension.

[6]  J. Tower,et al.  Superoxide dismutase evolution and life span regulation , 2005, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[7]  P. Loewen,et al.  Diversity of structures and properties among catalases , 2003, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[8]  A. Rao,et al.  ROLE OF LYCOPENE AS ANTIOXIDANT CAROTENOID IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES: A REVIEW , 1999 .

[9]  Ambady Ramachandran,et al.  Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban Asian Indians , 1998, Diabetes Care.

[10]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study , 2004, The Lancet.

[11]  P. Riso,et al.  Daily intake of a formulated tomato drink affects carotenoid plasma and lymphocyte concentrations and improves cellular antioxidant protection , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[12]  W. L. Baker,et al.  Sensitive ascorbic acid assay for the analysis of pharmaceutical products and fruit juices. , 1985, The Analyst.

[13]  E. Beutler,et al.  Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. , 1963, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[14]  P. Di Mascio,et al.  Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. , 1989, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[15]  B. Mannervik,et al.  [59] Glutathione reductase , 1985 .

[16]  L. Góth,et al.  A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range. , 1991, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[17]  G Premalatha,et al.  Coronary Artery Disease Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease and Its Relationship to Lipids in a Selected Population in South India The Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS No. 5) , 2001 .

[18]  D. Nierenberg,et al.  A method for determining concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids in human plasma and tissue samples. , 1992, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[19]  W. Valentine,et al.  Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. , 1967, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[20]  Sholom Wacholder,et al.  Case–Control Study , 2005 .

[21]  Rajeev Gupta,et al.  Recent trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India. , 2008, Indian heart journal.

[22]  Klaus Krämer,et al.  Synthetic and tomato-based lycopene have identical bioavailability in humans , 2003, European journal of nutrition.

[23]  D. Nebert,et al.  Glutathione Redox State Regulates Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Production* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[24]  B. Halliwell,et al.  Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. , 1990, Methods in enzymology.

[25]  V. Mohan,et al.  Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in a selected South Indian population--the Chennai Urban Population Study. , 2003, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[26]  Nicoletta Pellegrini,et al.  A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. , 2005, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[27]  I. Fridovich,et al.  The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. , 1972, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[28]  W. Stahl,et al.  Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans. , 1992, The Journal of nutrition.

[29]  S. Clinton,et al.  Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[30]  A. Carr,et al.  Does vitamin C act as a pro‐oxidant under physiological conditions? , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[31]  J. Bajaj,et al.  Diabetes mellitus in developing countries. , 1984 .

[32]  B. Neal,et al.  Significant lipid, adiposity and metabolic abnormalities amongst 4535 Indians from a developing region of rural Andhra Pradesh. , 2008, Atherosclerosis.