Expression and subcellular distribution of rel/NFκB transcription factors in the preimplantation mouse embryo: novel κB binding activities in the blastocyst stage embryo

quite specific to invertebrate development and the evidence suggests that a directly analogous patterning process does not operate in vertebrate embryos. However, there is considerable evidence that rel/NFκB transcription factors contribute to vertebrate development in other ways. Maternal and zygotic expression of three different rel genes have been detected in the early Xenopus embryo: Xrel1 (XrelA), which is most homologous to mammalian RelA; XrelB, the Xenopus homologue of RelB; and Xrel2, a novel member of the rel protein family. The distribution of each rel protein in the Xenopus embryo varies, suggesting that they may have different roles in early development. Transcripts encoding XrelA and Xrel2 are expressed throughout embryonic development (Kao & Hopwood, 1991; Richardson et al., 1994; Tannahill & Wardle, 1995). In contrast, XrelB becomes undetectable in the embryo at the neurula stage and resumes expression later in development (Suzuki et al., 1995). The role of rel proteins in early Xenopus embryonic development has not been established, although recent reports suggest that Xenopus rel proteins can regulate transcription in the early embryo. Xrel1 protein becomes The dimeric transcription factors of the rel/NFκB family have important functions in immune responses and also in developmental processes. They are held in the cytoplasm as inactive heterotrimeric complexes with a single molecule of an inhibitor protein ΙκB. In response to cellular signalling mediated by a range of agents, rel/NFκB dimers are released and taken up by the nucleus, where they bind to specific regulatory elements termed κB motifs (for recent reviews see Verma et al., 1995; Baldwin, 1996). In the early Drosophila embryo regulated nuclear relocalisation of the rel/NFκB transcription factor dorsal underlies the development of dorsoventral polarity (for a review see Morisato & Anderson, 1995). Activation of a transmembrane receptor Toll at ventral positions in the syncytial blastoderm embryo causes the formation of a ventral-to-dorsal nuclear gradient of the rel/NFκB transcription factor dorsal. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Zygote 6 (August), pp 249–260. © 1998 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom

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