Accurate prediction of X-ray pulse properties from a free-electron laser using machine learning

A. Sanchez-Gonzalez,1 P. Micaelli,1 C. Olivier,1 T. R. Barillot,1 M. Ilchen,2, 3 A. A. Lutman,4 A. Marinelli,4 T. Maxwell,4 A. Achner,3 M. Agåker,5 N. Berrah,6 C. Bostedt,4, 7 J. Buck,8 P. H. Bucksbaum,2, 9 S. Carron Montero,4, 10 B. Cooper,1 J. P. Cryan,2 M. Dong,5 R. Feifel,11 L. J. Frasinski,1 H. Fukuzawa,12 A. Galler,3 G. Hartmann,8, 13 N. Hartmann,4 W. Helml,4, 14 A. S. Johnson,1 A. Knie,13 A. O. Lindahl,2, 11 J. Liu,3 K. Motomura,12 M. Mucke,5 C. O’Grady,4 J-E. Rubensson,5 E. R. Simpson,1 R. J. Squibb,11 C. Såthe,15 K. Ueda,12 M. Vacher,16, 17 D. J. Walke,1 V. Zhaunerchyk,11 R. N. Coffee,4 and J. P. Marangos1 1Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom 2Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA 3European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany 4Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA 5Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75120, Sweden 6Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 2152 Hillside Road, U-3046, Storrs, CT 06269, USA 7Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA 8Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany 9Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 10California Lutheran University, 60 W Olsen Rd, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA 11Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 12Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan 13Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany 14Physics Department, TU Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany 15MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden 16Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom 17Department of Chemistry Ångtröm, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75120, Sweden