THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENTARY CHRYSOPHYTE SCALES (CHRYSOPHYCEAE AND SYNUROPHYCEAE) AND LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN 25 NORWEGIAN LAKES

The relationship between 16 taxa of chrysophyte scales (Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) from the surface sediments of 25 soft-water Norwegian lakes and 16 limnological variables from these lakes was examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The Norwegian chrysophyte flora reported in this study is typical of assemblages described from acidic to circumneutral lakes. Lake-water pH was the environmental variable that explained the most variation in the weighted averages of the chrysophyte taxa, although total aluminum, colour, and specific conductivity were also important. Predictive models were developed to infer lake-water pH based on species composition of chrysophyte scales in the 25 lakes, using weighted averaging regression and calibration with and without tolerance down-weighting. Model performance was evaluated by a computer-intensive bootstrapping procedure to derive root mean squared errors of predictions. In our data set, tolerance corrected weighted average regression and calibration was shown to be a more reliable predictor of pH than simple weighted averaging. This study shows that the remains of chrysophyte scales in Norway can be used as palaeo-biological indicators of lake-water pH.

[1]  S. Dixit,et al.  Surface-sediment chrysophytes from 35 Quebec lakes and their usefulness in reconstructing lake-water pH , 1989 .

[2]  D. Wujek,et al.  SCALED CHRYSOPHYTES FROM THE NETHERLANDS INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY , 1976 .

[3]  B. Cumming,et al.  A palaeoecological test of the land-use hypothesis for recent lake acidification in South-West Norway using hill-top lakes , 1990 .

[4]  R. D. Evans,et al.  Scaled Chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae) as Indicators of pH in Sudbury, Ontario, Lakes , 1988 .

[5]  K. Nicholls,et al.  The taxonomy of Synura (Chrysophyceae) in Ontario with special reference to taste and odour in water supplies , 1985 .

[6]  P. Siver.  Distribution of scaled chrysophytes in 17 Adirondack (New York) lakes with special reference to pH , 1988 .

[7]  C.J.F. ter Braak,et al.  CANOCO - a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [etrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1) , 1988 .

[8]  M. Mitchell,et al.  Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the northern Great Lakes states , 1990 .

[9]  J. Smol,et al.  Alkalinity and pH of Three Lakes in Northern New England, U.S.A., over the past 300 Years , 1990 .

[10]  C.J.F. ter Braak,et al.  Weighted averaging of species indicator values: Its efficiency in environmental calibration , 1986 .

[11]  P. Diaconis,et al.  Computer-Intensive Methods in Statistics , 1983 .

[12]  J. Kristiansen.  Silica-scale bearing Chrysophytes as environmental indicators , 1986 .

[13]  D. Charles,et al.  New methods for using diatoms and chrysophytes to infer past pH of low-alkalinity lakes , 1988 .

[14]  C.J.F. ter Braak,et al.  Diatoms and pH Reconstruction , 1990 .

[15]  R. B. Davis,et al.  Relationships between diatom assemblages in lake surface-sediments and limnological characteristics in southern Norway , 1986 .

[16]  P. Siver,et al.  Multivariate statistical analysis of the factors controlling the distribution of scaled chrysophytes , 1989 .

[17]  R. B. Davis.  Paleolimnological diatom studies of acidification of lakes by acid rain: An application of quaternary science , 1987 .

[18]  R. Roijackers,et al.  Ecological characteristics of scale-bearing Chrysophyceae from The Netherlands. , 1986 .

[19]  M. O. Hill,et al.  DECORANA - A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. , 1979 .

[20]  Stephen Juggins,et al.  Lake surface-water chemistry reconstructions from palaeolimnological data. , 1990 .

[21]  J. Smol.  Fossil synuracean (Chrysophyceae) scales in lake sediments: a new group of paleoindicators , 1980 .

[22]  I. Renberg,et al.  Paleoecological Analysis of Lake Acidification Trends in North America and Europe Using Diatoms and Chrysophytes , 1990 .

[23]  J. Smol,et al.  Utility of scaled chrysophytes for inferring lakewater pH in northern New England lakes , 1990 .

[24]  I. Renberg,et al.  The Surface Water Acidification Project (SWAP) Palaeolimnology Programme , 1990 .

[25]  J. Smol.  Chrysophycean microfossils as indicators of lakewater pH , 1986 .

[26]  H. Seip,et al.  Acid precipitation - effects on forest and fish. Final report of the SNSF-project 1972-1980. , 1980 .

[27]  Richard K. Johnson,et al.  Classification and ordination of profundal macroinvertebrate communities in nutrient poor, oligo‐mesohumic lakes in relation to environmental data , 1989 .

[28]  John P. Smol,et al.  Relationship between Chrysophyte Assemblages and Environmental Variables in Seventy-Two Sudbury Lakes as Examined by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) , 1989 .

[29]  H. Birks,et al.  WACALIB version 2.1 — a computer program to reconstruct environmental variables from fossil assemblages by weighted averaging , 1990 .

[30]  D. Charles,et al.  Mallomonadacean microfossils provide evidence of recent lake acidification , 1984, Nature.

[31]  Richard W. Battarbee,et al.  Diatom analysis and the acidification of lakes , 1984 .

[32]  J. Smol,et al.  Patterns of pH change inferred from chrysophyte microfossils in Adirondack and northern New England lakes , 1990 .

[33]  C. Braak.  Canonical Correspondence Analysis: A New Eigenvector Technique for Multivariate Direct Gradient Analysis , 1986 .

[34]  K. Nicholls.  Additions to the Mallomonas (Chrysophyceae) flora of Ontario, Canada, and a checklist of North American Mallomonas species , 1988 .

[35]  H. Hartmann-Zahn.  Scaled chrysophytes as indicators of lake acidification in West Germany , 1991 .

[36]  B. Efron.  The jackknife, the bootstrap, and other resampling plans , 1987 .

[37]  Daniel Wallach,et al.  Mean squared error of prediction as a criterion for evaluating and comparing system models , 1989 .

[38]  P. Siver.  The distribution and variation of Synura species (Chrysophyceae) in Connecticut, USA , 1987 .

[39]  H. Birks,et al.  Dissolved Organic Carbon Reconstructions from Diatom Assemblages in PIRLA Project Lakes, North America , 1990 .

[40]  J. Zanker.  The wing beat of Drosophila Melanogaster. I. Kinematics , 1990 .

[41]  C.J.F. ter Braak,et al.  A Theory of Gradient Analysis , 2004 .

[42]  J. Smol.  Paleophycology of a high arctic lake near Cape Herschel, Ellesmere Island , 1983 .

[43]  P. Siver.  The distribution of scaled chrysophytes along a pH gradient , 1989 .

[44]  M. Dürrschmidt.  Studies on scale-bearing Chrysophyceae from the Giessen area, Federal Republic of Germany , 1984 .

[45]  R. Battarbee.  A new method for the estimation of absolute microfossil numbers, with reference especially to diatoms , 1973 .

[46]  W. Pond,et al.  Modern Pork Production , 1983 .

[47]  C. Braak.  Correspondence Analysis of Incidence and Abundance Data:Properties in Terms of a Unimodal Response Model , 1985 .

[48]  H. Kling,et al.  Scale–bearing Chrysophyceae (Mallomonadaceae) from Central and Northern Canada , 1983 .

[49]  Jari Oksanen,et al.  Estimation of pH optima and tolerances of diatoms in lake sediments by the methods of weighted averaging, least squares and maximum likelihood, and their use for the prediction of lake acidity , 1988 .

[50]  D. Charles,et al.  Mallomonadacean (Chrysophyceae) assemblages and their relationships with limnological characteristics in 38 Adirondack (New York) lakes , 1984 .

[51]  J. Kristiansen.  Mallomonas canina sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae), a new member of sect. Heterospinae , 1982 .

[52]  B. Efron,et al.  A Leisurely Look at the Bootstrap, the Jackknife, and , 1983 .

[53]  R. Doyle,et al.  A PISTON CORER FOR UPPER SEDIMENT IN LAKES , 1969 .