Validation of a three-dimensional facial scanning system based on structured light techniques

The aim of this study was to validate a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) structured light scanning system in recording the facial morphology. The validation was performed in three aspects including accuracy, precision and reliability. The accuracy and precision were investigated using a plaster model with 19 marked landmarks. The accuracy was determined by comparing the coordinates from the 3D images and from the coordinates measure machine (CMM). The precision was quantified through the repeated landmarks location on 3D images. The reliability was investigated in 10 adult volunteers. Each was scanned five times in 3 weeks. The 3D images acquired at different times were compared with each other to measure the reliability. We found that the accuracy was 0.93 mm, the precision was 0.79 mm, the reliability was 0.2mm. These findings suggested that the structured light scanning system was accurate, precise and reliable to record the facial morphology for both clinic and research purposes.

[1]  F. Zhang,et al.  Assessment of facial tissue expansion with three-dimensional digitizer scanning. , 2002, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[2]  Kristina Aldridge,et al.  Precision and error of three‐dimensional phenotypic measures acquired from 3dMD photogrammetric images , 2005, American journal of medical genetics. Part A.

[3]  J. V. Pluym,et al.  Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Facial Soft Tissue Depth , 2007, The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

[4]  K Kimoto,et al.  Evaluation of a 3D digital photographic imaging system of the human face. , 2007, Journal of oral rehabilitation.

[5]  R. T. Lee,et al.  A prospective optical surface scanning and cephalometric assessment of the effect of functional appliances on the soft tissues. , 2001, European journal of orthodontics.

[6]  Nikolaos A. Papadopulos,et al.  Accuracy and precision of the three-dimensional assessment of the facial surface using a 3-D laser scanner , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[7]  Myung-Jin Kim,et al.  Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography. , 2007, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[8]  D. Morris,et al.  Visualizing three-dimensional facial soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery. , 2007, European journal of orthodontics.

[9]  Mary L Marazita,et al.  Digital Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry: Evaluation of Anthropometric Precision and Accuracy Using a Genex 3D Camera System , 2004, The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

[10]  Richard Kowarschik,et al.  Adaptive optical 3-D-measurement with structured light , 2000 .

[11]  C H Kau,et al.  A new method for the 3D measurement of postoperative swelling following orthognathic surgery. , 2006, Orthodontics & craniofacial research.

[12]  A. Katsumata,et al.  3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry. , 2005, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[13]  A D Linney,et al.  A three-dimensional soft tissue analysis of 16 skeletal class III patients following bimaxillary surgery. , 1992, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[14]  A. Lev-Toaff,et al.  Diagnosis of conjoined twins at 10 weeks using three‐dimensional ultrasound: a case report , 2000, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[15]  H. Sittek,et al.  3D-Ultraschall (3D-US) in der Diagnostik von Mammaherdbefunden , 2005, Der Radiologe.

[16]  M W Vannier,et al.  Three-dimensional computed tomography landmark measurement in craniofacial surgical planning: experimental validation in vitro. , 1999, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[17]  S. C. Aung,et al.  Evaluation of the laser scanner as a surface measuring tool and its accuracy compared with direct facial anthropometric measurements. , 1995, British journal of plastic surgery.

[18]  C. A. Hood,et al.  Validation of a Vision-Based, Three-Dimensional Facial Imaging System , 2003, The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

[19]  K. Bush,et al.  Three-dimensional facial anthropometry using a laser surface scanner: validation of the technique. , 1996, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[20]  A. Peterson,et al.  Technical note: Different techniques, different results--a comparison of photogrammetric and caliper-derived measurements. , 1998, American journal of physical anthropology.

[21]  David R Burton,et al.  Technique for phase measurement and surface reconstruction by use of colored structured light. , 2002, Applied optics.

[22]  B. Kusnoto,et al.  Reliability of a 3D surface laser scanner for orthodontic applications. , 2002, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[23]  Albert Losken,et al.  An Objective Evaluation of Breast Symmetry and Shape Differences Using 3-Dimensional Images , 2005, Annals of plastic surgery.

[24]  J. P. Moss,et al.  Facial growth: separating shape from size. , 2001, European journal of orthodontics.

[25]  S. Weinberg,et al.  Three-dimensional surface imaging: limitations and considerations from the anthropometric perspective. , 2005, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[26]  Sybill Naidoo,et al.  Anthropometric Precision and Accuracy of Digital Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry: Comparing the Genex and 3dMD Imaging Systems with One Another and with Direct Anthropometry , 2006, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[27]  W R Fright,et al.  A three dimensional analysis of soft and hard tissue changes following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in skeletal III patients. , 1992, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[28]  Hyoung-Seon Baik,et al.  Facial soft-tissue analysis of Korean adults with normal occlusion using a 3-dimensional laser scanner. , 2007, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[29]  T. Coward,et al.  Laser scanning for the identification of repeatable landmarks of the ears and face. , 1997, British journal of plastic surgery.