Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Flexible, High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification

We present a fast, fully parameterizable GPU implementation of Convolutional Neural Network variants. Our feature extractors are neither carefully designed nor pre-wired, but rather learned in a supervised way. Our deep hierarchical architectures achieve the best published results on benchmarks for object classification (NORB, CIFAR10) and handwritten digit recognition (MNIST), with error rates of 2.53%, 19.51%, 0.35%, respectively. Deep nets trained by simple back-propagation perform better than more shallow ones. Learning is surprisingly rapid. NORB is completely trained within five epochs. Test error rates on MNIST drop to 2.42%, 0.97% and 0.48% after 1, 3 and 17 epochs, respectively.

[1]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex , 1959, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  M. V. Rossum,et al.  In Neural Computation , 2022 .

[3]  Jürgen Schmidhuber,et al.  Semilinear Predictability Minimization Produces Well-Known Feature Detectors , 1996, Neural Computation.

[4]  David J. Field,et al.  Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: A strategy employed by V1? , 1997, Vision Research.

[5]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition , 1998, Proc. IEEE.

[6]  T. Poggio,et al.  Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[7]  P O Hoyer,et al.  Independent component analysis applied to feature extraction from colour and stereo images , 2000, Network.

[8]  Refractor Vision , 2000, The Lancet.

[9]  Sven Behnke,et al.  Hierarchical Neural Networks for Image Interpretation , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[10]  Sven Behnke,et al.  Hierarchical Neural Networks for Image Interpretation (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) , 2003 .

[11]  Patrice Y. Simard,et al.  Best practices for convolutional neural networks applied to visual document analysis , 2003, Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[12]  Kunihiko Fukushima,et al.  Neocognitron for handwritten digit recognition , 2003, Neurocomputing.

[13]  Kunihiko Fukushima,et al.  Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position , 1980, Biological Cybernetics.

[14]  A. Karimi,et al.  Master‟s thesis , 2011 .

[15]  Y. LeCun,et al.  Learning methods for generic object recognition with invariance to pose and lighting , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004..

[16]  Thomas Serre,et al.  Object recognition with features inspired by visual cortex , 2005, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05).

[17]  Patrice Y. Simard,et al.  High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Document Processing , 2006 .

[18]  David G. Lowe,et al.  University of British Columbia. , 1945, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[19]  Yann LeCun,et al.  What is the best multi-stage architecture for object recognition? , 2009, 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision.

[20]  Sven Behnke,et al.  Large-scale object recognition with CUDA-accelerated hierarchical neural networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems.

[21]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  3D Object Recognition with Deep Belief Nets , 2009, NIPS.

[22]  Alex Krizhevsky,et al.  Learning Multiple Layers of Features from Tiny Images , 2009 .

[23]  David D. Cox,et al.  A High-Throughput Screening Approach to Discovering Good Forms of Biologically Inspired Visual Representation , 2009, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[24]  Jean Ponce,et al.  A Theoretical Analysis of Feature Pooling in Visual Recognition , 2010, ICML.

[25]  Sven Behnke,et al.  Evaluation of Pooling Operations in Convolutional Architectures for Object Recognition , 2010, ICANN.

[26]  Klaus Kofler,et al.  Performance and Scalability of GPU-Based Convolutional Neural Networks , 2010, 2010 18th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing.

[27]  Tong Zhang,et al.  Improved Local Coordinate Coding using Local Tangents , 2010, ICML.

[28]  Luca Maria Gambardella,et al.  Deep, Big, Simple Neural Nets for Handwritten Digit Recognition , 2010, Neural Computation.

[29]  Luca Maria Gambardella,et al.  Better Digit Recognition with a Committee of Simple Neural Nets , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition.

[30]  Honglak Lee,et al.  An Analysis of Single-Layer Networks in Unsupervised Feature Learning , 2011, AISTATS.

[31]  Jürgen Schmidhuber,et al.  A committee of neural networks for traffic sign classification , 2011, The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks.