Drop collisions with simple and complex surfaces

Abstract Drop impact onto surfaces has long been a popular and important subject of experimental, numerical and theoretical studies to explain phenomena observed both in nature and in many engineering applications. Progress in understanding and describing the hydrodynamics involved in drop impacts has been rapid in recent years, due partly to the availability of high-speed cameras, but also because of accompanying advances in theoretical and numerical approaches. Thus, for simple surfaces, i.e. smooth surfaces of uniform chemistry, the outcome of a drop impact can be well predicted over a large range of impact parameters, including quantitative values of spread dynamics and splash characteristics. This article comprehensively reviews the present level of understanding for such impact situations. However many practical applications involve impacts onto surfaces of higher complexity, either morphologically or chemically, involving textured or porous surfaces or surfaces with non-uniform wettability characteristics. This expands greatly the parameter space for which descriptions of the impact must be found and the present understanding is significantly more rudimentary compared to drop impacts onto simple surfaces. In this review such impacts are discussed by considering effects introduced by morphological changes to the surface and by changes of the wettability. Comparisons to corresponding impacts onto simple surfaces are drawn to underline the additional physical mechanisms that must be considered.

[1]  G. Brant Footte,et al.  The Water Drop Rebound Problem: Dynamics of Collision , 1975 .

[2]  J. Timonen,et al.  Impalement transitions in droplets impacting microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces , 2008, 0807.4648.

[3]  S. Zaleski,et al.  Impact of a viscous liquid drop. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[4]  A. D. Young,et al.  An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics , 1968 .

[5]  J. Miranda,et al.  Assessing soil surface roughness decay during simulated rainfall by multifractal analysis , 2008 .

[6]  S. Tabakova,et al.  Early post-impact time dynamics of viscous drops onto a solid dry surface , 2009 .

[7]  Sam Howison,et al.  Droplet impact on a thin fluid layer , 2005, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[8]  António L. N. Moreira,et al.  Advances and challenges in explaining fuel spray impingement: How much of single droplet impact research is useful? , 2010 .

[9]  Detlef Lohse,et al.  Drop impact upon micro- and nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[10]  M. Brenner,et al.  Events before droplet splashing on a solid surface , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[11]  T. Etoh,et al.  Bubble entrapment through topological change , 2010 .

[12]  N. Koratkar,et al.  Impact dynamics and rebound of water droplets on superhydrophobic carbon nanotube arrays , 2007 .

[13]  D. Kwok,et al.  On the maximum spreading diameter of impacting droplets on well-prepared solid surfaces. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[14]  C. Tropea,et al.  Nonisothermal drop impact and evaporation on polymer nanofiber mats. , 2011, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[15]  S. Nagel,et al.  Drop splashing on a dry smooth surface. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[16]  D. Bousfield,et al.  Newtonian drop impact with a solid surface , 1995 .

[17]  Tapani A. Pakkanen,et al.  Nanodroplet impact and sliding on structured polymer surfaces , 2008 .

[18]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Dynamic effects of bouncing water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[19]  I. Roisman Fast forced liquid film spreading on a substrate: flow, heat transfer and phase transition , 2010, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[20]  C. Clanet,et al.  Making a splash with water repellency , 2007, cond-mat/0701093.

[21]  Marco Marengo,et al.  Time evolution of liquid drop impact onto solid, dry surfaces , 2002 .

[22]  Lei Xu Liquid drop splashing on smooth, rough, and textured surfaces. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[23]  Glen McHale,et al.  An introduction to superhydrophobicity. , 2010, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[24]  J. Poesen,et al.  Detachment and transportation of loose sediments by raindrop splash , 1981 .

[25]  Kuo-Long Pan,et al.  Breakup of a droplet at high velocity impacting a solid surface , 2010 .

[26]  A. C. Imeson,et al.  The measurement of water-drop impact forces with a piezo-electric transducer , 1981 .

[27]  H. Stone,et al.  “Black hole” nucleation in a splash of milk , 2008 .

[28]  S. Chandra,et al.  Rupture of thin films formed during droplet impact , 2010, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[29]  J. Bradford,et al.  The Mechanism of Raindrop Splash on Soil Surfaces , 1982 .

[30]  Rachel E. Pepper,et al.  Thickness of the rim of an expanding lamella near the splash threshold , 2010 .

[31]  M. Pasandideh-Fard,et al.  Capillary effects during droplet impact on a solid surface , 1996 .

[32]  A. Yarin,et al.  Impact of drops on solid surfaces: self-similar capillary waves, and splashing as a new type of kinematic discontinuity , 1995, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[33]  Philippe Brunet,et al.  Impact of Drops on Non-wetting Biomimetic Surfaces , 2009 .

[34]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces and emerging applications: Non-adhesion, energy, green engineering , 2009 .

[35]  C. Tropea,et al.  Outcomes from a drop impact on solid surfaces , 2001 .

[36]  Randy L. Vander Wal,et al.  The splash/non-splash boundary upon a dry surface and thin fluid film , 2006 .

[37]  V. Morin,et al.  An energy balance approach of the dynamics of drop impact on a solid surface , 2007 .

[38]  T. Deisboeck,et al.  Morphological instability and cancer invasion: a 'splashing water drop' analogy , 2006, Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling.

[39]  David Jon Furbish,et al.  Rain splash of dry sand revealed by high-speed imaging and sticky paper splash targets , 2007 .

[40]  C Tropea,et al.  Impact of droplets onto inclined surfaces. , 2005, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[41]  J. Eggers,et al.  Wavelength selection in the crown splash , 2010 .

[42]  Lichao Gao,et al.  Wetting and superhydrophobicity. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[43]  Lichao Gao,et al.  The "lotus effect" explained: two reasons why two length scales of topography are important. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[44]  Howard A. Stone,et al.  Inclined to splash: triggering and inhibiting a splash with tangential velocity , 2009 .

[45]  M. A. Nearing,et al.  Measurement of force vs. time relations for waterdrop impact , 1986 .

[46]  Ghislain Despesse,et al.  Harvesting raindrop energy: experimental study , 2008 .

[47]  Dimos Poulikakos,et al.  Splat-quench solidification: estimating the maximum spreading of a droplet impacting a solid surface , 1993, Journal of Materials Science.

[48]  Extreme resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces to impalement: reversible electrowetting related to the impacting/bouncing drop test. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[49]  Cameron Tropea,et al.  Investigations on the impact of a drop onto a small spherical target , 2007 .

[50]  C. Avedisian,et al.  On the collision of a droplet with a solid surface , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[51]  Ilker S. Bayer,et al.  Contact angle dynamics in droplets impacting on flat surfaces with different wetting characteristics , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[52]  O. Planchon,et al.  A Physical Model for the Action of Raindrop Erosion on Soil Microtopography , 2010 .

[53]  S. Zaleski,et al.  Drop dynamics after impact on a solid wall: Theory and simulations , 2010 .

[54]  D. Quéré,et al.  Bouncing transitions on microtextured materials , 2006 .

[55]  F. Chevy,et al.  Water spring: A model for bouncing drops , 2003 .

[56]  A. Amirfazli,et al.  Hierarchical structures for natural superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2008, Soft matter.

[57]  C. Stow,et al.  An experimental investigation of fluid flow resulting from the impact of a water drop with an unyielding dry surface , 1981, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[58]  I. Roisman Inertia dominated drop collisions. II. An analytical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for a spreading viscous film , 2009 .

[59]  Shien Hui,et al.  Liquid drop impact on solid surface with application to water drop erosion on turbine blades, Part II: Axisymmetric solution and erosion analysis , 2008 .

[60]  D. Bonn,et al.  Singular jets and bubbles in drop impact. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[61]  C. Tropea,et al.  The hydrodynamics of drop impact onto chemically structured surfaces , 2005 .

[62]  F. Bussière,et al.  Partitioning of splash and storage during raindrop impacts on banana leaves , 2008 .

[63]  K. Yong,et al.  Impact dynamics of water droplets on chemically modified WOx nanowire arrays , 2009 .

[64]  Detlef Lohse,et al.  How micropatterns and air pressure affect splashing on surfaces. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[65]  F. Lapierre,et al.  To grate a liquid into tiny droplets by its impact on a hydrophobic microgrid , 2009, 0912.0035.

[66]  A. Buguin,et al.  Bouncing or sticky droplets: Impalement transitions on superhydrophobic micropatterned surfaces , 2005, cond-mat/0510773.

[67]  S. Nagel,et al.  Thin film formation during splashing of viscous liquids. , 2010, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[68]  Mehdi Raessi,et al.  Drop impact onto a dry surface: Role of the dynamic contact angle , 2008 .

[69]  C. Tropea,et al.  Drop impact, spreading, splashing, and penetration into electrospun nanofiber mats. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[70]  Mario Markus,et al.  Multipeaked probability distributions of recurrence times. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[71]  D. Bonn,et al.  Retraction dynamics of aqueous drops upon impact on non-wetting surfaces , 2005, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[72]  Cameron Tropea,et al.  On the Splashing Threshold of a Single Droplet Impacting onto Rough and Porous Surfaces , 2010 .

[73]  Cameron Tropea,et al.  On the modeling of liquid sprays impinging on surfaces , 1998 .

[74]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  The dynamics of thin sheets of fluid II. Waves on fluid sheets , 1959, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[75]  D. Sivakumar,et al.  Impact of water drops onto the junction of a hydrophobic texture and a hydrophilic smooth surface , 2010 .

[76]  C. Tropea,et al.  Inertia dominated drop collisions. I. On the universal flow in the lamella , 2009 .

[77]  Staf Roels,et al.  Impact, absorption and evaporation of raindrops on building facades , 2009 .

[78]  Shien Hui,et al.  Liquid drop impact on solid surface with application to water drop erosion on turbine blades, Part I: Nonlinear wave model and solution of one-dimensional impact , 2008 .

[79]  A. Momber Deformation and fracture of rocks due to high-speed liquid impingement , 2004 .

[80]  I. Roisman On the instability of a free viscous rim , 2010, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[81]  Takehiko Sato,et al.  Spreading behavior of an impacting drop on a structured rough surface , 2005 .

[82]  K. Shinoda,et al.  Deformation of Alumina Droplets on Micro-Patterned Substrates Under Plasma Spraying Conditions , 2007 .

[83]  Xiying Li,et al.  Behavioral patterns of drop impingement onto rigid substrates with a wide range of wettability and different surface temperatures , 2009 .

[84]  A. Yarin Drop Impact Dynamics: Splashing, Spreading, Receding, Bouncing ... , 2006 .

[85]  D. Lohse,et al.  Multiple time scale dynamics in the breakdown of superhydrophobicity , 2008 .

[86]  R. Rioboo,et al.  Drop impact on porous superhydrophobic polymer surfaces. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[87]  Ho-Young Kim,et al.  Drop impact on microwetting patterned surfaces , 2010 .

[88]  C. Tropea,et al.  Normal impact of a liquid drop on a dry surface: model for spreading and receding , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[89]  M. Orme,et al.  Binary droplet collisions in a vacuum environment: an experimental investigation of the role of viscosity , 2003 .

[90]  Jean-Pierre Delplanque,et al.  The role of air entrainment on the outcome of drop impact on a solid surface , 2008 .

[91]  C. Béguin,et al.  Maximal deformation of an impacting drop , 2004, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.