Bonus oder Bias?

ZusammenfassungIn welchem Ausmaβ ist das Lohngefälle zwischen vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern auf Produktivitätsunterschiede zurückzuführen? Welchen Anteil hat die Diskriminierung von Arbeitnehmerinnen, und wie wirken sich betriebliche Merkmale auf die Lohnunterschiede aus? Diese Fragen untersuchen wir mit einem verbundenen Arbeitnehmer-Arbeitgeber Datensatz des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung für das Jahr 2000. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, wie sich die Geschlechterzusammensetzung von Berufsgruppen in Betrieben (Jobzellen) auf die Lohnhöhe auswirkt. Um zwischen Ausstattungs- und Entlohnungseffekten trennen zu können, wird eine von Oaxaca und Blinder vorgeschlagene Zerlegung des Lohndifferentials vorgenommen. Wie sich zeigt, kann nur etwa ein Drittel der Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern durch die Unterschiede im gemessenen Humankapitalbestand erklärt werden. Mit steigendem Frauenanteil in den Jobzellen sinken die Löhne, wobei die Lohnabschläge von Frauen höher ausfallen als die von Männern. Diskriminierung, so die Folgerung, greift insbesondere bei der geschlechtsbasierten Zuweisung von Arbeitsplätzen. Mit dem Vorhandensein von Betriebsräten steigen die Löhne, was vorrangig den beschäftigten Frauen zu Gute kommt.SummaryTo what extent is the gender wage gap of fulltime employees due to differences in productivityrelated characteristics, to discrimination of female employees, and how is the wage gap affected by firm specific features? To analyze these problems we use a linked employer-employee database in 2000, made available by the German Institute for Labour Market Research. In particular, we address the effect on wage levels of the sex composition of occupations within firms (job cells). Our estimations rely on the decomposition of the wage differential proposed by Oaxaca and Blinder. We find that only one third of the gender gap in wages is explained by human capital differences between men and women. With increasing proportions of women within job cells we observe decreasing wage levels for men and women but with higher rates of decline for women than for men. While works councils are shown to have a positive impact on wage levels, women are found to profit most from their presence within firms.

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