British Thoracic Society Guideline for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD)

Section 4: What is the evidence for transmission of NTM between individuals? Recommendation Section 5: How should the lung disease attributable to NTM infection be defined? Recommendation Good practice point Section 6: What samples should be used to detect pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection? Recommendations Good practice points Section …

[1]  D. van Soolingen,et al.  Clinical relevance of Mycobacterium malmoense isolation in the Netherlands , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[2]  W. Blattner,et al.  Prevalence of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections among Tuberculosis Suspects in Nigeria , 2013, PloS one.

[3]  M. Hazucha,et al.  Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnostic and phenotypic features. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[4]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Thrice-weekly clarithromycin-containing regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease: results of a preliminary study. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[5]  M. Casal,et al.  Evaluation of the GenoType Mycobacteria Direct Assay for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex and Four Atypical Mycobacterial Species in Clinical Samples , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[6]  J. Fujita,et al.  Successive follow-up of chest computed tomography in patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. , 1999, Respiratory medicine.

[7]  Young Kil Park,et al.  Antibiotic treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease: a retrospective analysis of 65 patients. , 2009, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[8]  K. Fukunaga,et al.  Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. , 2009, Chest.

[9]  D. Addrizzo-Harris,et al.  Randomized Trial of Liposomal Amikacin for Inhalation in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease , 2016, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[10]  Takeshi Ishizaki,et al.  Usefulness of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for diagnosing disease activity and monitoring therapeutic response in patients with pulmonary mycobacteriosis , 2009, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[11]  Foram A. Thakkar,et al.  Preliminary Results of Bedaquiline as Salvage Therapy for Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease. , 2015, Chest.

[12]  R. O'brien,et al.  Evaluation of the clinical usefulness of mycobacterial skin test antigens in adults with pulmonary mycobacterioses. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[13]  W. Gill,et al.  Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) anomalies are associated with lung disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria and AAT inhibits Mycobacterium abscessus infection of macrophages , 2007, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[14]  R. Freeman,et al.  Optimisation of acid fast smears for the direct detection of mycobacteria in clinical samples , 2003, Journal of clinical pathology.

[15]  N. Kobayashi,et al.  Increased risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in asthmatic patients using long‐term inhaled corticosteroid therapy , 2012, Respirology.

[16]  É. Chimara,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil between 1996 and 2005. , 2008, Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia.

[17]  Y. Tsunezuka,et al.  Surgical Outcome of Mycobacterium other than Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pulmonary Disease , 2000, The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon.

[18]  Robert Horsburgh,et al.  An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. , 2007, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[19]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Azithromycin-containing regimens for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[20]  C. Daley,et al.  Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in the USA , 2012, European Respiratory Journal.

[21]  C. Ki,et al.  Response to Switch from Intermittent Therapy to Daily Therapy for Refractory Nodular Bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease , 2015, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[22]  T. Shim,et al.  Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Mycobacterium kansasii Lung Disease in Korea , 2010, Yonsei medical journal.

[23]  F. Drobniewski.  Management of opportunist mycobacterial infections: Joint Tuberculosis Committee guidelines 1999 , 2000, Thorax.

[24]  R. Thomson.  Changing Epidemiology of Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections , 2010, Emerging infectious diseases.

[25]  Soo Hyun Lee,et al.  Macrolide treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense infection and inducible resistance. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[26]  M. Weinblatt,et al.  Infections and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy. , 2003, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[27]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Semiquantitative Culture Analysis during Therapy for Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[28]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Comparison of characteristics of patients and treatment outcome for pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection and pulmonary tuberculosis. , 1996, Thorax.

[29]  J. van Ingen.  Microbiological diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. , 2015, Clinics in chest medicine.

[30]  Sang-Nae Cho,et al.  Mycobacterial genotypes are associated with clinical manifestation and progression of lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense. , 2013, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[31]  Chang Ki Kim,et al.  Treatment of Refractory Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease with a Moxifloxacin-Containing Regimen , 2013, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[32]  R. Lodha,et al.  High prevalence of primary drug resistance in children with intrathoracic tuberculosis in India , 2016, Paediatrics and international child health.

[33]  C. Ki,et al.  Association of CFTR gene variants with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in a Korean population with a low prevalence of cystic fibrosis , 2013, Journal of Human Genetics.

[34]  P. Kao,et al.  Aerosolized amikacin for treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infections: an observational case series , 2007, BMC pulmonary medicine.

[35]  A. Rotondo,et al.  HRCT in detection of pulmonary infections from nontuberculous mycobacteria: personal experience , 2009, La radiologia medica.

[36]  P. Berche,et al.  MALDI-TOF MS Andromas strategy for the routine identification of bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts, Aspergillus spp. and positive blood cultures. , 2012, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[37]  J. Falkinham,et al.  Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria , 1996, Clinical microbiology reviews.

[38]  Yong Soo Choi,et al.  Treatment outcomes of adjuvant resectional surgery for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease , 2015, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[39]  Pan‐Chyr Yang,et al.  Increasing Incidence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria , 2010 .

[40]  L. González-Méndez,et al.  Adjuvant interferon gamma in patients with pulmonary atypical Mycobacteriosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study , 2008, BMC infectious diseases.

[41]  D. McMurray,et al.  The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[42]  Leah M. Feazel,et al.  Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[43]  S. Ichiyama,et al.  Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium-complex pulmonary disease using an enzyme immunoassay kit. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[44]  P. Jenkins,et al.  Pulmonary infection with mycobacterium xenopi: review of treatment and response. , 1984, Thorax.

[45]  S. Rüsch-Gerdes,et al.  Multilocus Sequence Analysis and rpoB Sequencing of Mycobacterium abscessus (Sensu Lato) Strains , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[46]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Results of operation in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare lung disease. , 1998, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[47]  C. Daley,et al.  The epidemiologic relationship between tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease: a systematic review. , 2014, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[48]  D. Curran‐Everett,et al.  Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[49]  L. Benet,et al.  Ethambutol kinetics in patients with impaired renal function. , 1986, The American review of respiratory disease.

[50]  J. Gaillard,et al.  Inhaled therapies, azithromycin and Mycobacterium abscessus in cystic fibrosis patients , 2012, European Respiratory Journal.

[51]  A. Hill,et al.  Outcomes of a standardized triple-drug regimen for the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection. , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[52]  J. Nick,et al.  Clinical significance of a first positive nontuberculous mycobacteria culture in cystic fibrosis. , 2014, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[53]  R. Elashoff,et al.  Non-tuberculous mycobacterium infection after lung transplantation is associated with increased mortality. , 2011, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[54]  S. Marshall,et al.  Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Mycobacterium malmoense pulmonary disease. , 2000, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[55]  A. Humar,et al.  Mycobacterium abscessus infections in lung transplant recipients: the international experience. , 2006, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[56]  J. Igual,et al.  Clarithromycin with minocycline and clofazimine for Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex lung disease in patients without the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. GETIM. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement des Infections à Mycobactéries. , 1998, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[57]  S. Holland,et al.  Host susceptibility to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. , 2015, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[58]  J. Grosset,et al.  Post-surgical outcome of 57 patients with Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infection. , 1988, Tubercle.

[59]  D. van Soolingen,et al.  Mycobacterium xenopi Clinical Relevance and Determinants, the Netherlands , 2008, Emerging infectious diseases.

[60]  M. Raffeld,et al.  Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: prospective study of a distinct preexisting syndrome. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[61]  J. Leung,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria: the changing epidemiology and treatment challenges in cystic fibrosis , 2013, Current opinion in pulmonary medicine.

[62]  J. Adjemian,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria among patients with cystic fibrosis in the United States: screening practices and environmental risk. , 2014, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[63]  I. Laurenson,et al.  Evaluation of the GenoType Mycobacteria Direct assay for the simultaneous detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and four atypical mycobacterial species in smear-positive respiratory specimens. , 2008, Journal of medical microbiology.

[64]  L. Máiz,et al.  [Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with cystic fibrosis: a multicenter prevalence study]. , 2008, Archivos de bronconeumologia.

[65]  E. Böttger,et al.  Erm(41)-dependent inducible resistance to azithromycin and clarithromycin in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus. , 2014, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[66]  T. Shim,et al.  Outcomes in patients with Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease treated with long-term injectable drugs. , 2011, Respiratory medicine.

[67]  John D. Mitchell,et al.  Lady Windermere revisited: treatment with thoracoscopic lobectomy/segmentectomy for right middle lobe and lingular bronchiectasis associated with non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease. , 2011, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[68]  H. Horinouchi,et al.  Early pulmonary resection for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease treated with macrolides and quinolones. , 2006, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[69]  J. Shelhamer,et al.  Abnormal nasal nitric oxide production, ciliary beat frequency, and Toll-like receptor response in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease epithelium. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[70]  K. Khan,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacterial sensitization in the United States: national trends over three decades. , 2007, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[71]  D. van Soolingen,et al.  Clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated in the Nijmegen-Arnhem region, The Netherlands , 2009, Thorax.

[72]  C. Russell,et al.  Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: a retrospective review of Scottish isolates from 2000 to 2010 , 2013, Thorax.

[73]  R. Wilson,et al.  Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in patients with bronchiectasis , 2005, Thorax.

[74]  Jin H. Lee,et al.  The Impact of Low Subcutaneous Fat in Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease , 2014, Lung.

[75]  Hung-Jen Liu,et al.  Risk Factors and Outcomes of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Case-Control study in a TB Endemic Area , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[76]  S. Muro,et al.  Predictors of 5-year mortality in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease. , 2012, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[77]  I. D. Johnston.  Mycobacterium xenopi infection and aspergilloma. , 1988, Tubercle.

[78]  F. Drobniewski,et al.  The geographic diversity of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pulmonary samples: an NTM-NET collaborative study , 2013, European Respiratory Journal.

[79]  S. Shin,et al.  Severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with non‐tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: A case‐control study , 2013, Respirology.

[80]  Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary infection: a prospective study of the results of nine months of treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol. Research Committee, British Thoracic Society. , 1994, Thorax.

[81]  I. D. Johnston,et al.  Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection: comparison of radiological appearances with pulmonary tuberculosis. , 1996, Thorax.

[82]  L. Rigouts,et al.  Rapid Identification of Mycobacteria to the Species Level Using INNO-LiPA Mycobacteria, a Reverse Hybridization Assay , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[83]  P. Jenkins,et al.  Combined versus single antituberculosis drugs on the in vitro sensitivity patterns of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. , 1987, Thorax.

[84]  T. Marras,et al.  Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Infections in Ontario, Canada: Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics , 2010, Lung.

[85]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. , 2002, Clinics in laboratory medicine.

[86]  C Michael Stein,et al.  Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[87]  V. Tsang,et al.  Paediatric lung transplant outcomes vary with Mycobacterium abscessus complex species , 2013, European Respiratory Journal.

[88]  Yong Soo Choi,et al.  Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria , 2008, Journal of Korean medical science.

[89]  F. Alcaide,et al.  Long-term relapses after 12-month treatment for Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[90]  John D. Mitchell,et al.  Clinical and microbiologic outcomes in patients receiving treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease. , 2009, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[91]  I. Pin,et al.  Comparing Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium abscessus lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. , 2015, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[92]  D. Lowe,et al.  ‘”Why me, why now?” Using clinical immunology and epidemiology to explain who gets nontuberculous mycobacterial infection , 2016, BMC Medicine.

[93]  G. Fantuzzi,et al.  Patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease exhibit unique body and immune phenotypes. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[94]  C. Haworth,et al.  Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) amongst individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). , 2016, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[95]  Y. Obase,et al.  Relationship between clinical efficacy for pulmonary MAC and drug-sensitivity test for isolated MAC in a recent 6-year period , 2012, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[96]  F. Weill,et al.  Use of the INNO-LiPA-MYCOBACTERIA Assay (Version 2) for Identification of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Complex Isolates , 2005, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[97]  K. Kerr,et al.  Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer , 2010, Thorax.

[98]  A. Subramanian,et al.  Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients , 2009, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[99]  E. Bouza,et al.  Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Clinical Isolates , 2015, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[100]  C. Ki,et al.  Direct application of the PCR restriction analysis method for identifying NTM species in AFB smear-positive respiratory specimens. , 2008, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[101]  S. Hoberman,et al.  Detection of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria in Routine Cultures of Samples from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[102]  K. Tokunaga,et al.  Association of SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) polymorphisms with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection. , 2012, Human immunology.

[103]  E. Picard,et al.  Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections among Cystic Fibrosis Patients, Israel , 2008, Emerging infectious diseases.

[104]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Initial clarithromycin monotherapy for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[105]  J. Mclaughlin,et al.  Surgical treatment of pulmonary infections caused by atypical mycobacteria. , 1975, The American surgeon.

[106]  S. Kudoh,et al.  Clinical factors on cavitary and nodular bronchiectatic types in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. , 2008, Internal medicine.

[107]  J. Gaillard,et al.  Multicenter Study of Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis in France , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[108]  M. Tashiro,et al.  The risk factors for developing of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in nontuberculous mycobacteria patients and clinical characteristics and outcomes in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis patients coinfected with nontuberculous mycobacteria. , 2016, Medical mycology.

[109]  P. Berche,et al.  Mycobacterium abscessus and Children with Cystic Fibrosis , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[110]  Y. Nakanishi,et al.  The clinical efficacy and safety of a fluoroquinolone-containing regimen for pulmonary MAC disease , 2012, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[111]  C. Haworth,et al.  Introducing the new BTS Guideline: Management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) , 2017, Thorax.

[112]  A. Niimi,et al.  Effect of clarithromycin regimen for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[113]  A. Kurashima,et al.  Early pulmonary resection for localized Mycobacterium avium complex disease. , 1998, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[114]  Pan‐Chyr Yang,et al.  Increasing Incidence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Taiwan, 2000–2008 , 2010, Emerging infectious diseases.

[115]  S. Shin,et al.  Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[116]  T. Kanauchi,et al.  Prognostic factors of 634 HIV-negative patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[117]  S. Field,et al.  Long-term Follow-up of Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease in Patients Treated With Regimens Including Clofazimine and/or Rifampin. , 2016, Chest.

[118]  R. Girón,et al.  Estudio multicéntrico de prevalencia de micobacterias ambientales en pacientes con fibrosis quística , 2008 .

[119]  Enrico Tortoli,et al.  Proposal that Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii be united and reclassified as Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii comb. nov., designation of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus subsp. nov. and emended description of Mycobacterium abscessus. , 2011, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[120]  J. Fishman,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[121]  M. Hargreaves,et al.  Isolation of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) from Household Water and Shower Aerosols in Patients with Pulmonary Disease Caused by NTM , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[122]  Ji‐Hyun Lee,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria. I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[123]  S. Holland,et al.  Spatial clusters of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in the United States. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[124]  K. Kostikas,et al.  Epidemiology and clinical significance of mycobacterial respiratory infections in Central Greece. , 2008, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[125]  I. Campbell.  Treatment of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii: results of 18 vs 12 months' chemotherapy. , 1995, Tubercle and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[126]  J. Armstrong,et al.  Gastroesophageal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. , 2007, Chest.

[127]  Young Kil Park,et al.  Clinical significance of differentiation of Mycobacterium massiliense from Mycobacterium abscessus. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[128]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium kansasii. , 1994, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[129]  J. Gaillard,et al.  Inaccuracy of Single-Target Sequencing for Discriminating Species of the Mycobacterium abscessus Group , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[130]  P. Murray,et al.  Identification of Mycobacteria in Solid-Culture Media by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[131]  P. Burgel,et al.  Reduced risk of nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis adults receiving long-term azithromycin. , 2015, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[132]  B. Parker,et al.  Epidemiology of Infection by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria , 1987 .

[133]  D. Griffith,et al.  Bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. , 2012, Clinics in chest medicine.

[134]  S. Holland,et al.  Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[135]  H. Park,et al.  Clinical significance of a single isolation of pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria from sputum specimens. , 2013, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[136]  P. Jenkins,et al.  Treatment of pulmonary infections caused by mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. , 1981, Thorax.

[137]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Initial (6-month) results of three-times-weekly azithromycin in treatment regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. , 1998, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[138]  K. Winthrop,et al.  Opinions differ by expertise in Mycobacterium avium complex disease. , 2014, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[139]  T. Covert,et al.  Increased Frequency of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Detection at Potable Water Taps within the United States. , 2015, Environmental science & technology.

[140]  C. Palmer,et al.  An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histoplasmin in the United States. , 1969, The American review of respiratory disease.

[141]  K. Fuursted,et al.  Distribution of serotypes, IS901 and a 40 kDa protein in Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from man and animals in Denmark , 1997, APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.

[142]  K. Lee,et al.  Clinical significance of the differentiation between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in M avium complex lung disease. , 2012, Chest.

[143]  Shoji Kudoh,et al.  A steady increase in nontuberculous mycobacteriosis mortality and estimated prevalence in Japan. , 2014, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[144]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Ethambutol ocular toxicity in treatment regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[145]  K. Winthrop,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in immunosuppressed hosts. , 2015, Clinics in chest medicine.

[146]  S. W. Law.  SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE; A SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE IN VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS. , 1965, Diseases of the chest.

[147]  F. Doucet-Populaire,et al.  Use of INNO-LIPA assay for rapid identification of mycobacteria. , 2003, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[148]  C.-C. Shu,et al.  Factors associated with subsequent nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in patients with a single sputum isolate on initial examination. , 2015, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[149]  C. K. van der Ent,et al.  Risk factors for Mycobacterium abscessus infection in cystic fibrosis patients; a case-control study. , 2012, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[150]  R. Corpe.  Surgical management of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. , 1981, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[151]  A. Tosteson,et al.  Skin test reactions to Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivative and Mycobacterium avium sensitin among health care workers and medical students in the United States. , 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[152]  C. Benson,et al.  Clarithromycin Therapy for Bacteremic Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease , 1994, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[153]  K. Kubo,et al.  Bronchoscopic microsampling for bacterial colony counting in relevant lesions in patients with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection. , 2011, Internal medicine.

[154]  P. Berche,et al.  Rapid Identification of Mycobacterial Whole Cells in Solid and Liquid Culture Media by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[155]  L. Morawska,et al.  Emergence and spread of a human-transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium , 2016, Science.

[156]  S. Garay,et al.  Factors related to response to intermittent treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[157]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Relationship of adverse events to serum drug levels in patients receiving high-dose azithromycin for mycobacterial lung disease. , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[158]  K. Matsuura,et al.  Long-term radiographic outcome of nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. , 2012, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[159]  S. Holland,et al.  A familial syndrome of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[160]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Sensitivity of Fluorochrome Microscopy for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis versus Nontuberculous Mycobacteria , 1998, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[161]  M. Tsukamura.  Diagnosis of disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. , 1991, Chest.

[162]  O. Kwon,et al.  Standardized Combination Antibiotic Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease , 2010, Yonsei medical journal.

[163]  K. Harris,et al.  Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analysis Do Not Provide Evidence for Cross-transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus in a Cohort of Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Patients , 2014, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[164]  D. Hansell,et al.  Mycobacterium avium complex infection in non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis , 2014, Respirology.

[165]  C. Qi,et al.  Comparison of Clinical Features, Virulence, and Relapse among Mycobacterium avium Complex Species. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[166]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Clinical experience in 52 patients with tigecycline-containing regimens for salvage treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae infections , 2014, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[167]  S. Svenson,et al.  Synergistic effects of antimycobacterial drag combinations onMycobacterium avium complex determined radiometrically in liquid medium , 1987, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[168]  R. Gill,et al.  Non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infection among lung transplant recipients: a 15‐year cohort study , 2012, Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society.

[169]  J. Parkhill,et al.  Whole-genome sequencing to identify transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus between patients with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study , 2013, The Lancet.

[170]  L. Schouls,et al.  "Mycobacterium tilburgii" Infections , 2006, Emerging infectious diseases.

[171]  M. Perkins,et al.  Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. , 2006, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[172]  A. Nicholson,et al.  Evidence of mycobacterial disease in COPD patients with lung volume reduction surgery; the importance of histological assessment of specimens: a cohort study , 2014, BMC Pulmonary Medicine.

[173]  T. Shim,et al.  Separation of Mycobacterium abscessus into subspecies or genotype level by direct application of peptide nucleic acid multi-probe- real-time PCR method into sputa samples , 2015, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[174]  E. Böttger,et al.  Improved Decontamination Method for Recovering Mycobacteria from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis , 2002, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[175]  J. Raleigh,et al.  Treatment of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii: recent experience with rifampin. , 1981, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[176]  P. Davidson,et al.  Treatment of disease due to Mycobacterium intracellulare. , 1981, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[177]  I. Traoré,et al.  Survival of mycobacteria in sputum at different temperatures. , 1981, Czechoslovak medicine.

[178]  Andrew J. Oler,et al.  Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection. A Multisystem, Multigenic Disease. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[179]  D. A. Lynch,et al.  CT Features of Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection , 1995, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[180]  J. Adjemian,et al.  Lack of adherence to evidence-based treatment guidelines for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. , 2014, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[181]  Mary Ann Blosky,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease prevalence at four integrated health care delivery systems. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[182]  M. Lalor,et al.  Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is the main driver of the rise in non-tuberculous mycobacteria incidence in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2007–2012 , 2016, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[183]  N. D’Esopo,et al.  Clinical and roentgenographic features of nosocomial pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium xenopi. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[184]  H. Yokomise,et al.  Surgical management of Mycobacterium avium complex disease. , 1997, The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon.

[185]  M. Kramer,et al.  Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection in Israel, 1999-2004: clinical features, drug susceptibility, and outcome. , 2006, Chest.

[186]  D. R. Prevots,et al.  Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria: a review. , 2015, Clinics in chest medicine.

[187]  R. Wilson,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and Aspergillus-related lung disease in bronchiectasis , 2006, European Respiratory Journal.

[188]  E. Cambau,et al.  Classification Algorithm for Subspecies Identification within the Mycobacterium abscessus Species, Based on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2014, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[189]  T. Marras,et al.  Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease, Ontario, Canada, 1998–2010 , 2013, Emerging infectious diseases.

[190]  William Girard,et al.  Clinical and molecular analysis of macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[191]  Genetic characterization of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from humans and animals in Australia. , 1996, Epidemiology and infection.

[192]  P. Flume.  US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and European Cystic Fibrosis Society consensus recommendations for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in individuals with cystic fibrosis. , 2016, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[193]  D. van Soolingen,et al.  Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Respiratory Tract Infections, Eastern Asia , 2011, Emerging infectious diseases.

[194]  R. Wiener,et al.  Population-based estimates of transbronchial lung biopsy utilization and complications. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[195]  J. Falkinham.  Current Epidemiologic Trends of the Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) , 2016, Current Environmental Health Reports.

[196]  Bethany S Davies,et al.  Non-tuberculous slow-growing mycobacterial pulmonary infections in non-HIV-infected patients in south London , 2012, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[197]  Enrico Tortoli,et al.  Evaluation of INNO-LiPA MYCOBACTERIA v2: Improved Reverse Hybridization Multiple DNA Probe Assay for Mycobacterial Identification , 2003, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[198]  J. Perry,et al.  Comparison of Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube with Culture on RGM Selective Agar for Detection of Mycobacteria in Sputum Samples from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis , 2016, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[199]  P. Jenkins,et al.  Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium kansasii in Wales, 1970-9: review of treatment and response. , 1983, Thorax.

[200]  S.W.B. Newsom,et al.  Tuberculosis. Clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis and measures for its prevention and control , 2006 .

[201]  D. Hansell,et al.  Comparative appearances of non-tuberculous mycobacteria species: a CT study , 2002, European Radiology.

[202]  H. Kita,et al.  Different morbidity after pneumonectomy: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis versus non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. , 2010, Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery.

[203]  H. Sørensen,et al.  Nontuberculous pulmonary mycobacteriosis in Denmark: incidence and prognostic factors. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[204]  A. Niimi,et al.  Yield of computed tomography and bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[205]  D. Taylor-Robinson,et al.  Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium abscessus complex infection in cystic fibrosis , 2015, European Respiratory Journal.

[206]  F. Emmrich,et al.  Rate of Recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Frozen Acid-Fast-Bacillus Smear-Positive Sputum Samples Subjected to Long-Term Storage in Northwest Ethiopia , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[207]  T. Marras,et al.  Pulmonary Mycobacterium xenopi infection in non-HIV-infected patients: a systematic review. , 2009, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[208]  P. Musoke,et al.  Species and genotypic diversity of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from children investigated for pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Uganda , 2013, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[209]  Shaf Keshavjee,et al.  A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014--an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. , 2015, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[210]  J. V. Ingen.  Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) , 2015 .

[211]  K. Lee,et al.  Nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Natural course on serial computed tomographic scans. , 2013, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[212]  K. Togashi,et al.  High-resolution computed tomography and health-related quality of life in Mycobacterium avium complex disease. , 2013, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[213]  D. Rodgers,et al.  Non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease is common in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. , 2013, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[214]  D. van Soolingen,et al.  Resistance mechanisms and drug susceptibility testing of nontuberculous mycobacteria. , 2012, Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy.

[215]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Drug intolerance to high-dose clarithromycin among elderly patients. , 1993, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[216]  Kazuo Kobayashi.  Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in humans: translational research from basic mycobacteriology to clinical medicine. , 2014, Japanese journal of infectious diseases.

[217]  K. Lee,et al.  Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. , 2007, Chest.

[218]  A. Clements,et al.  A spatial epidemiological analysis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Queensland, Australia , 2014, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[219]  M. Schweiger,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria in non‐HIV patients: epidemiology, treatment and response , 2004, European Respiratory Journal.

[220]  H. Scherstén,et al.  Lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis and Mycobacterium abscessus infection. , 2009, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[221]  P. Buijtels,et al.  Comparison of NaOH-N-acetyl cysteine and sulfuric acid decontamination methods for recovery of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. , 2005, Journal of microbiological methods.

[222]  J. Falkinham.  Environmental sources of nontuberculous mycobacteria. , 2015, Clinics in chest medicine.

[223]  P. Gilligan,et al.  Proficiency testing of clinical microbiology laboratories using modified decontamination procedures for detection of nontuberculous mycobacteria in sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients. The Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Cystic Fibrosis Study Group , 1997, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[224]  P. Cegielski,et al.  Early results (at 6 months) with intermittent clarithromycin-including regimens for lung disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[225]  Z. Wang,et al.  Thoracoscopic management for bronchiectasis with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. , 2008, Chinese medical journal.

[226]  M. Smith,et al.  Clinical review of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi. , 1983, Thorax.

[227]  S. Shin,et al.  Clinical significance of mycobacterial genotyping in Mycobacterium avium lung disease in Korea. , 2012, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[228]  Frank,et al.  Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis , 1993, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[229]  S. Holland,et al.  Familial clustering of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. , 2010, Chest.

[230]  Nalin Rastogi,et al.  Rapid identification of mycobacteria to species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene and proposition of an algorithm to differentiate 34 mycobacterial species , 1997, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[231]  R. Jou,et al.  Sero-Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease Using Serum Immunoglobulin A Antibody against Glycopeptidolipid Antigen in Taiwan , 2013, PloS one.

[232]  D. Murphy,et al.  A four-drug regimen for initial treatment of cavitary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[233]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Adverse events associated with high-dose rifabutin in macrolide-containing regimens for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 1995, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[234]  J. Perry,et al.  A novel culture medium for isolation of rapidly-growing mycobacteria from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis. , 2016, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[235]  W. Sealy,et al.  Long-term results of pulmonary resection for atypical mycobacterial disease. , 1983, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[236]  Mordechai Shohat,et al.  Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic–induced and non–syndromic deafness , 1993, Nature Genetics.

[237]  K. Winthrop,et al.  Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections and Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy , 2009, Emerging infectious diseases.

[238]  Y. Ikedo.  The significance of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease. , 2001, The Kurume medical journal.

[239]  D. Peterson,et al.  Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in patients without predisposing conditions. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[240]  John D. Mitchell,et al.  Anatomic lung resection for nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. , 2008, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[241]  S. Ichiyama,et al.  Superiority of enviomycin or streptomycin over ethambutol in initial treatment of lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. , 1989, Chest.

[242]  Y. Kobashi,et al.  The effect of combined therapy according to the guidelines for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. , 2003, Internal medicine.

[243]  Mikio Oka,et al.  A double-blind randomized study of aminoglycoside infusion with combined therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. , 2007, Respiratory medicine.

[244]  C. Ki,et al.  Intermittent antibiotic therapy for nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[245]  M. Morgan,et al.  Multicenter Evaluation of the BACTEC MGIT 960 System for Recovery of Mycobacteria , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[246]  P. Hsueh,et al.  Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Respiratory Tract Infections, , 2019 .

[247]  D. Raoult,et al.  Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Identification of Mycobacteria in Routine Clinical Practice , 2011, PloS one.

[248]  S. Ahn,et al.  Chemotherapy for pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii: efficacies of some individual drugs. , 1981, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[249]  R. Long,et al.  Computed tomographic abnormalities in Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease include the mosaic pattern of reduced lung attenuation. , 2000, Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes.

[250]  S. Field,et al.  Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine. , 2003, Chest.

[251]  H. Kita,et al.  Adjuvant surgical treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. , 2013, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[252]  T. Shim,et al.  Treatment outcomes of refractory MAC pulmonary disease treated with drugs with unclear efficacy. , 2014, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[253]  K. Chida,et al.  Efficacy of clarithromycin and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. A preliminary study. , 2014, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[254]  H. Langston,et al.  Surgical treatment of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii. , 1971, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[255]  D. Sanders,et al.  Pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. , 1988, The American review of respiratory disease.

[256]  Yoshihiro Kobashi,et al.  The Microbiological and Clinical Effects of Combined Therapy according to Guidelines on the Treatment of Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease in Japan – Including a Follow-Up Study , 2006, Respiration.

[257]  E. Chan,et al.  Underlying Host Risk Factors for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease , 2013, Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

[258]  Jiann-Hwa Chen,et al.  High efficacy of clofazimine and its synergistic effect with amikacin against rapidly growing mycobacteria. , 2010, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[259]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Clinical and Taxonomic Status of Pathogenic Nonpigmented or Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria , 2002, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[260]  P. Reynolds,et al.  Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium abscessus Isolates from Patients in the United States and Comparisons to Globally Diverse Clinical Strains , 2014, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[261]  W. Stead,et al.  Long-term results of medical treatment in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection. , 1979, The American journal of medicine.

[262]  H. Aizawa,et al.  Usefulness of bronchial lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection , 2003, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[263]  Nalin Rastogi,et al.  Multilocus sequence typing scheme for the Mycobacterium abscessus complex. , 2014, Research in microbiology.

[264]  R. Wallace,,et al.  In Vitro Activity of Amikacin against Isolates of Mycobacterium avium Complex with Proposed MIC Breakpoints and Finding of a 16S rRNA Gene Mutation in Treated Isolates , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[265]  C. Bombardier,et al.  Risk of mycobacterial infections associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Ontario, Canada. , 2014, Chest.

[266]  S. Ahn,et al.  Short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii. , 1983, The American review of respiratory disease.

[267]  M. Drancourt,et al.  Mycobacterium avium genotype is associated with the therapeutic response to lung infection , 2013, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[268]  H. Tiddens,et al.  High-resolution CT of nontuberculous mycobacterium infection in adult CF patients: diagnostic accuracy , 2012, European Radiology.

[269]  John P Griffin,et al.  Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). , 2007, Chest.

[270]  C. Daley,et al.  In Vitro Synergy between Clofazimine and Amikacin in Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease , 2012, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[271]  L. Heifets.  Synergistic effect of rifampin, streptomycin, ethionamide, and ethambutol on Mycobacterium intracellulare. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[272]  T. Betsuyaku,et al.  Macrolide-Resistant Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease: Analysis of 102 Consecutive Cases. , 2016, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[273]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Clarithromycin regimens for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex. The first 50 patients. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[274]  M. Iversen,et al.  First report of lung transplantation in a patient with active pulmonary Mycobacterium simiae infection. , 2013, Transplantation proceedings.

[275]  E. Graviss,et al.  Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, China, 2004–2009 , 2012, Emerging infectious diseases.

[276]  G. Aslan,et al.  A comparative study on the different staining methods and number of specimens for the detection of acid fast bacilli. , 2000, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

[277]  W. Lu,et al.  The Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Clinical Isolates from Sputum Samples in the Eastern Region of China , 2015, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[278]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Treatment of nonpulmonary infections due to Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei on the basis of in vitro susceptibilities. , 1985, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[279]  P. Berche,et al.  hsp65 Sequencing for Identification of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[280]  T. Iwamoto,et al.  Clinical and Microbiological Differences between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense Lung Diseases , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[281]  M. P. Rivera,et al.  Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in end stage cystic fibrosis: implications for lung transplantation , 2006, Thorax.

[282]  T. Hanaoka,et al.  Surgery for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in the clarithromycin era. , 2002, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[283]  J. Gaillard,et al.  Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus complex target distinct cystic fibrosis patient subpopulations. , 2013, Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society.

[284]  H. Mussaffi,et al.  Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and steroid therapy , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[285]  K. Chida,et al.  Mycobacterium avium complex disease: prognostic implication of high-resolution computed tomography findings , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[286]  M. Corey,et al.  Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria in children with cystic fibrosis: Isolation, prevalence, and predictors , 2009, Pediatric pulmonology.

[287]  E. Moore.  Atypical mycobacterial infection in the lung: CT appearance. , 1993, Radiology.

[288]  H. Sørensen,et al.  Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis , 2012, Thorax.

[289]  Jane Tang,et al.  Identification of Mycobacteria by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[290]  C. Daley,et al.  The tolerability of linezolid in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease , 2015, European Respiratory Journal.

[291]  P. Kao,et al.  Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary infection in HIV-negative patients without preexisting lung disease: diagnostic and management limitations. , 1999, Chest.

[292]  Chong-Jen Yu,et al.  Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease with Different Radiographic Patterns , 2011, Lung.

[293]  S. Khoo,et al.  Guidelines for the prevention and management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in adult patients with chronic kidney disease , 2010, Thorax.

[294]  Smita Y. Patel,et al.  Mutations in GATA2 are associated with the autosomal dominant and sporadic monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) syndrome. , 2011, Blood.

[295]  T. Shim,et al.  Distinguishing tuberculosis from Mycobacterium avium complex disease using an interferon-gamma release assay. , 2011, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[296]  C. Daley,et al.  The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[297]  Y. Kook,et al.  Mycobacterium massiliense is differentiated from Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium bolletii by erythromycin ribosome methyltransferase gene (erm) and clarithromycin susceptibility patterns , 2010, Microbiology and immunology.

[298]  N. Müller,et al.  Pulmonary tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a comparison of CT findings. , 1995, Radiology.

[299]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Sulfonamide-containing regimens for disease caused by rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium kansasii. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[300]  C. Daley,et al.  Drug Susceptibility Testing And Pharmacokinetics Question Current Treatment Regimens In Mycobacterium Simiae Complex Disease , 2011, ATS 2011.

[301]  P. Jenkins,et al.  Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium malmoense--a review of treatment and response. , 1985, Tubercle.

[302]  P. Brennan,et al.  Serodiagnosis of environmental mycobacterial infections. , 2011, Journal of microbiological methods.

[303]  M. Christiansen,et al.  Novel STAT1 Alleles in a Patient with Impaired Resistance to Mycobacteria , 2011, Journal of Clinical Immunology.

[304]  L. Saiman,et al.  Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients without HIV Infection, New York City , 2008, Emerging infectious diseases.

[305]  F. Drobniewski,et al.  Increasing reports of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1995-2006 , 2010, BMC public health.

[306]  L. Kremer,et al.  β-Lactamase inhibition by avibactam in Mycobacterium abscessus. , 2014, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[307]  Tanya S. Glaser,et al.  Inhaled amikacin for treatment of refractory pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. , 2014, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[308]  M. Dirac,et al.  Environment or host?: A case-control study of risk factors for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[309]  Der-Yuan Chen,et al.  Risk for Mycobacterial Disease among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Taiwan, 2001–2011 , 2015, Emerging infectious diseases.

[310]  J. Alffenaar,et al.  Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infections. , 2013, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[311]  P. Berche,et al.  Measurement of immunoglobulin G against Mycobacterial antigen A60 in patients with cystic fibrosis and lung infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[312]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Macrolide/Azalide therapy for nodular/bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. , 2014, Chest.

[313]  P. Gilligan,et al.  Lung transplant outcomes in cystic fibrosis patients with pre‐operative Mycobacterium abscessus respiratory infections , 2013, Clinical transplantation.

[314]  J. Adjemian,et al.  Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and associated chronic macrolide use among persons with cystic fibrosis. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[315]  T. Shim,et al.  A shorter treatment duration may be sufficient for patients with Mycobacterium massiliense lung disease than with Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease. , 2014, Respiratory medicine.

[316]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Azithromycin activity against Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in patients who were not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[317]  S. Browne.  Anticytokine autoantibody-associated immunodeficiency. , 2014, Annual review of immunology.

[318]  J. Gerberding,et al.  Incidence and Clinical Implications of Isolation of Mycobacterium kansasii: Results of a 5-Year, Population-Based Study , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[319]  S. Shin,et al.  Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Complex and Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Pulmonary Disease by Use of IgA Antibodies to Glycopeptidolipid Core Antigen , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[320]  J. Parkhill,et al.  Transmission of M abscessus in patients with cystic fibrosis – Authors' reply , 2013, The Lancet.

[321]  Kazuo Kobayashi,et al.  Use of Glycopeptidolipid Core Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease in Immunocompetent Patients , 2005, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.

[322]  P. White,et al.  Potential for Use of the Seegene Anyplex MTB/NTM Real-Time Detection Assay in a Regional Reference Laboratory , 2014, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[323]  D. Shitrit,et al.  Clinical and radiological features of Mycobacterium kansasii and other NTM infections. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[324]  J. McLarty,et al.  Diagnostic criteria for pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium intracellulare. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[325]  Yazdan,et al.  Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infections: a multicentric retrospective study of 136 cases in north-east France , 2008, Thorax.

[326]  J. Casanova,et al.  Partial recessive IFN-γR1 deficiency: genetic, immunological and clinical features of 14 patients from 11 kindreds. , 2011, Human molecular genetics.

[327]  C. Kemper,et al.  Treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex infection: do the results of in vitro susceptibility tests predict therapeutic outcome in humans? , 1996, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[328]  J. Falkinham.  Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Household Plumbing of Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Disease , 2011, Emerging infectious diseases.

[329]  D. van Soolingen,et al.  Surgical treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: strike in time. , 2010, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[330]  D. Rubinsztein,et al.  Azithromycin blocks autophagy and may predispose cystic fibrosis patients to mycobacterial infection. , 2011, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[331]  C. Goss,et al.  Respiratory outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense in a lung transplant and cystic fibrosis center. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[332]  R. Prescott,et al.  Clarithromycin vs ciprofloxacin as adjuncts to rifampicin and ethambutol in treating opportunist mycobacterial lung diseases and an assessment of Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy , 2008, Thorax.

[333]  Serological test and chest computed tomography findings in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease , 2007, European Respiratory Journal.

[334]  R. Johnson,et al.  Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease presenting as an isolated lingular or middle lobe pattern. The Lady Windermere syndrome. , 1992, Chest.

[335]  C. Ki,et al.  Increasing Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Respiratory Specimens over a 10-Year Period in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in South Korea , 2013, Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases.