Automatic Target Recognition using Multipolar Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

Radar is a coherent sensor, which makes it suitable for the retrieval of the polarization information of the scattering process. Different algorithms have been proposed in the last few decades regarding how to analyze multipolar radar information. The extra information retrieved from the multipolar data has been shown to give more information regarding the physical features of the scatterer than the single polarization data. A few papers in the open literature have reported initial results regarding the use of monostatic multipolar data in radar-based automatic target recognition (ATR). However, a detailed report regarding the advantages of using multipolar data for ATR has not yet come in the open literature. Nor has there been any report on the use of multipolar data for bistatic radar-based ATR exercises. The work presented here deals with the task of using multipolar data for bistatic ATR A group of algorithms have been proposed and analyzed for the task of multipolar bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ATR Most of these algorithms are the contributions of the present work. For validating the algorithms, a simulated multipolar bistatic dataset has been used. It is also shown that using multipolar data not only improves the absolute performance of an ATR algorithm, it also makes it statistically more robust. Finally, the paper discusses a new algorithm to use multipolar data to avoid the decreased performance of an ATR algorithm that may arise from an uncalibrated bistatic multipolar radar system.

[1]  E. Pottier,et al.  Two bistatic target signatures: the bistatic equations and the bistatic polarisation fork , 1998, 12th International Conference on Microwaves and Radar. MIKON-98. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.98EX195).

[2]  A.K. Mishra,et al.  Database generation of bistatic ground target signatures , 2005, IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, 2005..

[3]  Jong-Sen Lee,et al.  Polarimetric SAR speckle filtering and its implication for classification , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[4]  S. D. Halversen,et al.  Effects of polarization and resolution on SAR ATR , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[5]  Eric Pottier,et al.  A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry , 1996, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[6]  Charles V. Jakowatz,et al.  Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach , 1996 .

[7]  Andrew J. Bennett,et al.  Use of high-resolution polarimetric SAR for automatic target recognition , 2002, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[8]  Joel T. Johnson,et al.  Comparison of monostatic and bistatic radar images , 2001 .

[9]  E. Krogager.  Decomposition of the radar target scattering matrix with application to high resolution target imaging , 1991, NTC '91 - National Telesystems Conference Proceedings.

[10]  I. Gupta,et al.  Comparison of monostatic and bistatic radar images , 2001, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2001 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37229).

[11]  M. Loiselet,et al.  SAR images interpretation using data analysis techniques , 1996 .

[12]  R.L. Moses,et al.  Polar format algorithm for bistatic SAR , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[13]  Keinosuke Fukunaga,et al.  Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition , 1972 .

[14]  Kuo-Chu Chang,et al.  Polarimetric fusion for synthetic aperture radar target classification , 1997, Pattern Recognit..

[15]  E. Pottier,et al.  Foundations of bistatic radar polarimetry theory , 1997 .

[16]  M. Lowe.  Algorithms for high resolution bistatic SAR , 2002, RADAR 2002.

[17]  W.-M. Boerner,et al.  Recent advances in polarimetric-interferometric SAR theory and technology and its application , 2000, 13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. MIKON - 2000. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.00EX428).

[18]  Jong-Sen Lee,et al.  The use of fully polarimetric information for the fuzzy neural classification of SAR images , 2003, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[19]  Bipin C. Desai,et al.  Similarity Searching in Image Retrieval with Statistical Distance Measures and Supervised Learning , 2005, ICAPR.

[20]  Andrew J. Terzuoli,et al.  Bistatic scattering characterization of a complex object , 1999, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1999 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.99CH37010).

[21]  Pieter M. Kroonenberg,et al.  Three-mode principal component analysis : theory and applications , 1983 .

[22]  Wolfgang Keydel,et al.  Perspectives and visions for future SAR systems , 2003 .

[23]  Mikhail Cherniakov,et al.  Bistatic radar : principles and practice , 2007 .

[24]  G. J. Owirka,et al.  Automatic target recognition using enhanced resolution SAR data , 1999 .

[25]  Carlos López Martínez,et al.  Polarimetric SAR Speckle Noise Model , 2003 .

[26]  F. Sadjadi.  Improved target classification using optimum polarimetric SAR signatures , 2002 .

[27]  Alexander B. Kostinski,et al.  On foundations of radar polarimetry , 1986 .

[28]  R. A. Cordey,et al.  SAR polarimetry: applications and understanding , 1996 .

[29]  A. Khenchaf,et al.  Bistatic SAR: theory and simulation , 2005, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[30]  Kuo-Chu Chang,et al.  High resolution polarimetric SAR target classification with neural network , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems..

[31]  Hsueh-Jyh Li,et al.  Utilization of multiple polarization data for aerospace target identification , 1995 .

[32]  Hugh Griffiths.  From a different perspective: principles, practice and potential of bistatic radar , 2003, 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference on Radar (IEEE Cat. No.03EX695).

[33]  J. R. Huynen.  Physical reality and mathematical process in radar polarimetry , 1991 .

[34]  A. K. Fung,et al.  Bistatic multiple scattering from randomly rough surfaces , 2003 .

[35]  Irena Hajnsek,et al.  Polarimetric Speckle Noise Effects in Quantitative Physical parameters Retrieval , 2004 .

[36]  Werner Wiesbeck,et al.  Calibration of bistatic polarimetric radar systems , 1992, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[37]  Mehrdad Soumekh.  Bistatic synthetic aperture radar inversion with application in dynamic object imaging , 1991, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[38]  Kamal Sarabandi,et al.  Knowledge-based classification of polarimetric SAR images , 1994, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[39]  G. Gavriloaia,et al.  Target discrimination in the S.A.R. systems by using radar polarimetry , 2003, 6th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2003. TELSIKS 2003..

[40]  Bernard Mulgrew,et al.  Bistatic SAR ATR , 2007 .

[41]  B. Mulgrew,et al.  Multipolar SAR ATR: Experiments with the GTRI dataset , 2008, 2008 IEEE Radar Conference.

[42]  B. Mulgrew,et al.  Principal component analysis and relevance to scattering centre model of radar data , 2005 .

[43]  G. J. Owirka,et al.  Optimal polarimetric processing for enhanced target detection , 1991, NTC '91 - National Telesystems Conference Proceedings.

[44]  W. Keydel.  Future radar systems for remote sensing , 1999 .

[45]  G. Goranović,et al.  Theory and simulation. , 1996, Current opinion in structural biology.

[46]  Bernard Mulgrew,et al.  Radar Signal Classification Using Pca-Based Features , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings.

[47]  K. Sarabandi,et al.  AVNA-based polarimetric scatterometers , 1990, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[48]  J. J. van Zyl,et al.  Imaging radar polarimetry: a review , 1991, Proc. IEEE.

[49]  F.T. Ulaby,et al.  Detection of targets above rough surfaces using millimeter-wave bistatic radars , 2003, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/CNC/URSI North American Radio Sci. Meeting (Cat. No.03CH37450).

[50]  Firooz A. Sadjadi,et al.  Enhanced target recognition using optimum polarimetric SAR signatures , 1998, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197).