More or less controllers to synchronize a Kuramoto-oscillator network via a pacemaker?

This paper extends our previous work on synchronizing a network of Kuramoto-oscillator digraph with a pacemaker. Compared with the minimal driven or pinned nodes of two linear coupling models, those nodes forced by the pacemaker are relative conservative in our Kuramoto model with nonlinear couplings. Comparative analyses of the results and dynamics are made among these three models. For two given directed networks, discussion are given to test whether less nodes forced by the pacemaker are feasible to achieve phase agreement or frequency synchronization in a Kuramoto-oscillator network.

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