Outer membrane channels and active transporters for the uptake of antibiotics.

The targets of antibiotics reside in the periplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane, and the cytoplasm of bacteria. To gain access to these targets, the antibiotics have to cross the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and the cytoplasmic membrane of all bacteria if the antibiotics enter the cytoplasm. Most antibiotics seem to reach their targets by diffusion. Some antibiotics are actively transported across the cytoplasmic membrane via substrate transport systems. These antibiotics

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