Time-resolved vector projectile imaging of urinary flow dynamics

Developing tools to visualize urinary flow dynamics is important, because urinary hydrodynamics is known to have a causal relationship with urethral voiding dysfunction problems. Yet, the design of such an imaging technique is challenging as fine time resolution is essential to track urine passage that can traverse at >2m/s speeds. Previously, we have overcome the time resolvability challenge in flow visualization with a new technique called vector projectile imaging (VPI), which can render flow vector fields with <1 ms time resolution. In this work, we present the first application of VPI to track urinary flow patterns during different voiding phases.