Developmental redistribution of photoreceptors across the Macaca nemestrina (pigtail macaque) retina

Redistributions of monkey cones and rods during the first year after birth include a fivefold increase in peak foveal cone density from 43,000 to 210,000 cones/mm2, a decrease in the diameter of the rod‐sparse area, and a two‐ to threefold decrease in peripheral photoreceptor density. Two weeks before birth, higher cone density is already apparent in the future fovea, as are the nasotemporal asymmetry in cone distribution, a higher density “cone streak” along the horizontal meridian, a large rod‐sparse central fovea, and a ring of high rod density. Despite the early appearance of these basic patterns, photoreceptor distribution is not mature until 1 to 5 years postnatally.

[1]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Distribution of cones in human and monkey retina: individual variability and radial asymmetry. , 1987, Science.

[2]  J. Silver,et al.  Guidance of optic axons in vivo by a preformed adhesive pathway on neuroepithelial endfeet. , 1984, Developmental biology.

[3]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Human photoreceptor topography , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[4]  C. Blakemore,et al.  Organization and post‐natal development of the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus. , 1986, The Journal of physiology.

[5]  R G Boothe,et al.  Postnatal development of vision in human and nonhuman primates. , 1985, Annual review of neuroscience.

[6]  J. Provis,et al.  Human fetal optic nerve: Overproduction and elimination of retinal axons during development , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[7]  A. Hughes,et al.  The morphology, number, and distribution of a large population of confirmed displaced amacrine cells in the adult cat retina , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[8]  M. Banks,et al.  Optical and photoreceptor immaturities limit the spatial and chromatic vision of human neonates. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[9]  R. Williams,et al.  Formation of retinal ganglion cell topography during prenatal development. , 1987, Science.

[10]  Kenneth R. Sloan,et al.  Computer methods for sampling, reconstruction, display and analysis of retinal whole mounts , 1989, Vision Research.

[11]  M. Dubin,et al.  Non‐uniform postnatal growth of the cat retina , 1984, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[12]  A. Spira,et al.  Human retinal development: ultrastructure of the outer retina. , 1973, The American journal of anatomy.

[13]  S. Schein.  Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[14]  B. Finlay,et al.  Development of ganglion cell topography in ferret retina , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[15]  Angela M. Brown,et al.  Visual acuity of human infants at scotopic, mesopic and photopic luminances , 1987, Vision Research.

[16]  J. Provis,et al.  Development of the human retina: Patterns of cell distribution and redistribution in the ganglion cell layer , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[17]  Colin Blakemore,et al.  Factors limiting the postnatal development of visual acuity in the monkey , 1988, Vision Research.

[18]  J. M. Hopkins,et al.  Cone connections of the horizontal cells of the rhesus monkey’s retina , 1987, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[19]  J. Stone,et al.  The area centralis of the retina in the cat and other mammals: Focal point for function and development of the visual system , 1984, Neuroscience.

[20]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Photoreceptor topography of the retina in the adult pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) , 1989, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[21]  Louise Hainline,et al.  The retina of the newborn human infant. , 1982, Science.

[22]  Hugh R. Wilson,et al.  Development of spatiotemporal mechanisms in infant vision , 1988, Vision Research.

[23]  C. Curcio,et al.  Topography of ganglion cells in human retina , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[24]  A. Cowey,et al.  The lengths of thefibres of henle in the retina of macaque monkeys: Implications for vision , 1988, Neuroscience.

[25]  J. Stone,et al.  The topography of cytogenesis in the developing retina of the cat , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[26]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  The morphological development of the human fovea. , 1984, Ophthalmology.

[27]  J. Stone,et al.  Uniformity of cell distribution in the ganglion cell layer of prenatal cat retina: implications for mechanisms of retinal development. , 1981, Brain research.

[28]  B. Dreher,et al.  Nonuniform retinal expansion during the formation of the rabbit's visual streak: Implications for the ontogeny of mammalian retinal topography , 1989, Visual Neuroscience.

[29]  P. Rakić,et al.  Overproduction and elimination of retinal axons in the fetal rhesus monkey. , 1983, Science.

[30]  S. Robinson.  Cell death in the inner and outer nuclear layers of the developing cat retina , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[31]  J. Provis,et al.  Cell death and the elimination of retinal axons during development , 1988, Progress in Neurobiology.

[32]  A. Cowey,et al.  The ganglion cell and cone distributions in the monkey's retina: Implications for central magnification factors , 1985, Vision Research.

[33]  S. Robinson.  Ontogeny of the area centralis in the cat , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[34]  R. Lund.  Development and plasticity of the brain , 1978 .

[35]  A. Hughes,et al.  Developing neuronal populations of the cat retinal ganglion cell layer , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[36]  R. Williams,et al.  Growth cones, dying axons, and developmental fluctuations in the fiber population of the cat's optic nerve , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[37]  G. Edelman.  Cell adhesion and the molecular processes of morphogenesis. , 1985, Annual review of biochemistry.

[38]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the human fovea during development , 1986, Vision Research.

[39]  C A Curcio,et al.  Computer‐assisted morphometry using video‐mixed microscopic images and computer graphics , 1986, The Anatomical record.

[40]  R. Freeman,et al.  Rescaling of the retinal map of visual space during growth of the kitten's eye , 1980, Brain Research.

[41]  B. Finlay,et al.  Developmental Heterochrony and the Evolution of Species Differences in Retinal Specializations , 1989 .

[42]  J. Stone,et al.  The topography of primate retina: A study of the human, bushbaby, and new‐ and old‐world monkeys , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[43]  Christine A. Curcio,et al.  A whole mount method for sequential analysis of photoreceptor and ganglion cell topography in a single retina , 1987, Vision Research.