Application of Tissue Culture Techniques for Propagation and Crop Improvement in Mulberry (Morus spp.)

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an economically important tree grown widely in China, India and several other countries in Asia. The major economic product of mulberry is its leaf which is used for feeding the monophagous silkworm Bombyx mori L. Mulberry leaf is also used as fodder for livestock. Mulberry fruit is good for human consumption. Although mulberry is amenable to both sexual and asexual methods of reproduction, due to the high heterozygosity of the parental lines and long juvenile periods, propagation is mainly through stem cuttings or bud grafting. However, success of propagation through stem cuttings is greatly dependent on the genotype, environment, and age of the planting materials. Besides, most of the temperate species are hard to root from the stem cuttings. Micropropagation is seen as a cost effective method for propagation of these species, though a number of factors affect the success. In this article, we summarize these factors along with the causes and remedies for them. Other applications of tissue culture such as germplasm conservation, screening for stress tolerance, triploid developments, genetic transformation, and their impacts on the sericulture industry have also been detailed and discussed.

[1]  M. Normah,et al.  Cryopreservation of in vitro grown shoot tips , 2011 .

[2]  J. Silva,et al.  Germplasm conservation in mulberry (Morus spp.) , 2011 .

[3]  K. Vijayan.  The emerging role of genomic tools in mulberry (Morus) genetic improvement , 2010, Tree Genetics & Genomes.

[4]  P. Verma,et al.  Biological hardening and genetic fidelity testing of micro-cloned progeny of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant . et Fernand . , 2008 .

[5]  P. Khurana,et al.  Overexpression of HVA1 gene from barley generates tolerance to salinity and water stress in transgenic mulberry (Morus indica) , 2008, Transgenic Research.

[6]  P. Ahmad,et al.  alba (Local and Sujanpuri) in response to morphological and biochemical parameters , 2007 .

[7]  R. Chaudhury,et al.  Cryopreservation of Mulberry Germplasm Core Collection and Assessment of Genetic Stability through ISSR Markers , 2007 .

[8]  M. Gayatri,et al.  Propagation of mulberry variety - S54 by synseeds of axillary bud , 2006 .

[9]  O. Joarder,et al.  In vitro propagation as an aid for cloning ofMorus laevigata Wall , 1993, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[10]  D. Chitra,et al.  Shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis from in vitro derived leaves of mulberry using thidiazuron and 6-benzylaminopurine , 2005 .

[11]  Makoto Kawase,et al.  Plant Genetic Resources in Japan: Platforms and Destinations to Conserve and Utilize Plant Genetic Diversity , 2005 .

[12]  K. V. Rao,et al.  Plant regeneration of mulberry (Morus indica) from mesophyll-derived protoplasts , 2005, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[13]  P. Chand,et al.  Rapid clonal propagation of three mulberries,Morus cathayana HemsL,M. lhou Koiz. andM. serrata Roxb., through in vitro culture of apical shoot buds and nodal explants from mature trees , 1997, Plant Cell Reports.

[14]  Sandhya Agarwal,et al.  Factors affecting secondary somatic embryogenesis and embryo maturation in Morus alba L , 2004 .

[15]  F. Koyuncu.  Organic Acid Composition of Native Black Mulberry Fruit , 2004, Chemistry of Natural Compounds.

[16]  R. Jain,et al.  Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation and regeneration of Morus alba L. , 2004 .

[17]  P. Khurana,et al.  Evaluation of Parameters for High Efficiency Gene Transfer via Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Production of Transformants in Indian Mulberry, Morus indica cv. K2 , 2004 .

[18]  A. Bhattacharya,et al.  Recent Advances of Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Biotechnology , 2004, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[19]  T. D. Thomas.  Thidiazuron Induced Multiple Shoot Induction and Plant Regeneration from Cotyledonary Explants of Mulberry , 2003, Biologia Plantarum.

[20]  B. S. Bhau,et al.  Rapid Micropropagation of Five Cultivars of Mulberry , 2003, Biologia Plantarum.

[21]  B. S. Bhau,et al.  Effect of genotype, explant type and growth regulators on organogenesis in Morus alba , 2001, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[22]  S. Oka,et al.  Simplified clonal multiplication of mulberry using liquid shake culture , 1999, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[23]  A. Bhatnagar,et al.  A reproducible protocol for the production of gynogenic haploids of mulberry, Morus alba L. , 1999, Euphytica.

[24]  R. Islam,et al.  Field performance and biochemical evaluation of micropropagated mulberry plants , 1997, Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture.

[25]  A. Jain,et al.  Induction of haploid callus and embryogenesis in in vitro cultured anthers of mulberry (Morus indica) , 1996, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[26]  M. Hossain,et al.  Micropropagation of Morus laevigata Wall. from mature trees , 1992, Plant Cell Reports.

[27]  A. Jain,et al.  Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in mulberry (Morus bombycis Koidz): Factors influencing morphogenetic potential in callus cultures , 1992, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[28]  A. Jain,et al.  In vitro propagation through axillary bud multiplication in different mulberry genotypes , 1990, Plant Cell Reports.

[29]  V. Bapat,et al.  Propagation of Morus indica L. (Mulberry) by encapsulated shoot buds , 1987, Plant Cell Reports.

[30]  V. Bapat,et al.  Regeneration of plants from the culture of leaves and axillary buds in mulberry (Morus indica L.) , 1985, Plant Cell Reports.

[31]  K. Vijayan,et al.  Screening of mulberry ( Morus spp.) for salinity tolerance through in vitro seed germination , 2004 .

[32]  P. Tewary,et al.  In vitro response of promising mulberry (Morus sp.) genotypes for tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses , 2004, Plant Growth Regulation.

[33]  V. Bapat,et al.  In vivo growth of encapsulated axillary buds of mulberry (Morus indica L.) , 2004, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[34]  K. Shekar,et al.  Genotype and hormonal effects on callus formation and regeneration in mulberry , 2004, Euphytica.

[35]  K. Vijayan,et al.  In vitro screening of mulberry (Morus spp.) for salinity tolerance , 2003, Plant Cell Reports.

[36]  W. Hongli.  Prelimarily Report on Oryzacystatin Gene Transferring into Mulberry and Production of Transgenic Plants , 2003 .

[37]  M. Anis,et al.  Micropropagation of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Through In vitro Culture of Shoot tip and Nodal Explants , 2003 .

[38]  Mei-Chun Lu.  Micropropagation of Morus latifolia Poilet using axillary buds from mature trees , 2002 .

[39]  P. Khurana,et al.  Evaluation of parameters for high efficiency gene transfer via particle bombardment in Indian mulberry. , 2002, Indian journal of experimental biology.

[40]  D. Chitra,et al.  Seasonal influence on axillary bud sprouting and micropropagation of elite cultivars of mulberry , 2002 .

[41]  P. Khurana,et al.  TDZ-Mediated Differentiation in Commercially Valuable Indian Mulberry, Morus indica Cultivars K2 and DD , 2001 .

[42]  B. Panis.  Cryopreservation of plant germplasm: an overview , 2001 .

[43]  P. Khurana,et al.  Efficient regeneration from mature leaf explants of Indian mulberry via organogenesis , 2001 .

[44]  H. Saito,et al.  Development of a reliable method for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of mulberry callus , 2000 .

[45]  K. Vijayan,et al.  Plant regeneration from leaf explants of mulberry: influence of sugar, genotype and 6-benzyladenine. , 2000, Indian journal of experimental biology.

[46]  S. Oka,et al.  Induction of hairy roots from hypocotyls of mulberry (Morus indica L.) by Japanese wild strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes , 2000 .

[47]  Q. Springer-Verlag.  Production of triploid plants of mulberry (Morus alba L) by endosperm culture , 2000 .

[48]  F. Engelmann.  Importance of cryopreservation for the conservation of plant genetic resources. , 2000 .

[49]  A. Varma,et al.  Plant productivity determinants beyond minerals, water and light: Piriformospora indica - a revolutionary plant growth promoting fungus. , 2000 .

[50]  H. Yamanouchi,et al.  Effects of Medium Conditions on Adventitious Bud Formation in Immature Mulberry Leaves , 1999 .

[51]  D. Chitra,et al.  Clonal propagation of mulberry (Morus indica L. cultivar M-5) through in vitro culture of nodal explants , 1999 .

[52]  K. Vijayan,et al.  In vitro induction of tetraploidy in mulberry (Morus alba L.) , 1998, Plant Cell Reports.

[53]  K. Vijayan,et al.  REGENERATION OF PLANTLETS THROUGH CALLUS CULTURE IN MULBERRY , 1998 .

[54]  Pradeep K. Chand,et al.  Plant regeneration from callus cultures of Morus indica L. derived from seedlings and mature plants , 1997 .

[55]  町井 博明,et al.  Transient expression of GUS gene introduced into mulberry plant by particle bombardment. , 1996 .

[56]  Teri.  Plant Tissue Culture Theory And Practice, A Revised Edition S.s.bhojwani M.k.razdan , 1996 .

[57]  A. Ganapathi,et al.  REGENERATION OF PLANTLETS FROM HYPOCOTYL DERIVED CALLUS OF MORUS ALBA , 1995 .

[58]  S. Oka,et al.  Formation of multiple bud bodies and plant regeneration in the mulberry, Morus alba , 1995 .

[59]  K. Kathiravan,et al.  Induction of Embryo like Structures by Liquid Culture in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) , 1995 .

[60]  K. Vijayan,et al.  Survival potential in different varieties of mulberry (Morus species) , 1995 .

[61]  T. Niino.  Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Mulberry (Morus Species) , 1995 .

[62]  J. Tipton.  Relative Drought Resistance Among Selected Southwestern Landscape Plants , 1994, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

[63]  A. Sakai,et al.  Long-term storage of mulberry winter buds by cryopreservation , 1993 .

[64]  Venkateswarlu Modala,et al.  Induction of calli and organ-like structures in isolated pollen culture of mulberry, Morus australis POIRET. , 1993 .

[65]  V. Bapat,et al.  Micropropagation of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) and mulberry (Morus indica L.) , 1993 .

[66]  V. Bapat,et al.  Micropropagation of Sandalwood ( Santalum album L.) , 1992 .

[67]  P. Tewary,et al.  Protoplast isolation, purification and culture in mulberry (Morus spp.) , 1992 .

[68]  A. Kapur,et al.  EMBRYO DIFFERENTIATION IN ANTHER CULTURES OF MULBERRY , 1992 .

[69]  W. Zhi.  Plant Regeneration from Leaf Mesophyll Protoplast of Morus alba , 1992 .

[70]  A. Sakai,et al.  Cryopreservation of alginate-coated in vitro-grown shoot tips of apple, pear and mulberry , 1992 .

[71]  Venkateswarlu Modala,et al.  Effect of sugars and sugar alcohols on the division of mulberry pollen in tissue culture. , 1991 .

[72]  T. Ohnishi,et al.  Suspension culture of cells from hypocotyl of mulberry , 1991 .

[73]  T. Ohnishi,et al.  Separation of free cells from the hypocotyl of mulberry. , 1991 .

[74]  G. Sita,et al.  Gynogenic plants from ovary cultures of Mulberry ( Morus indica ) , 1991 .

[75]  U. Yadav,et al.  Micropropagation of Morus nigra L. from shoot tip and nodal explants of mature trees. , 1990 .

[76]  T. Ohnishi,et al.  Effects of refrigeration period of mulberry calluses on their growth after the storage and pseudo-dormancy induced by the storage , 1990 .

[77]  D. Zhuang,et al.  Effect of in vitro colchicine-treatment on culture of isolated buds in mulberry , 1990 .

[78]  T. Thorpe,et al.  In vitro propagation of mulberry (Morus alba L.) through nodal segments , 1990 .

[79]  S. Chattopadhyay,et al.  Quick in vitro production of mulberry (Morus alba) plantlets for commercial purpose. , 1990 .

[80]  町井 博明.  Leaf disc transformation of mulberry plant (Morus alba L.) by Agrobacterium Ti plasmid. , 1990 .

[81]  G. Rao,et al.  Multiple shoot formation through shoot apex culture of mulberry. , 1990 .

[82]  K. Katagiri.  Callus induction in culture of mulberry pollen , 1989 .

[83]  T. Ohnishi,et al.  On the protoplast fusion of mulberry and paper-mulberry by electrofusion method , 1989 .

[84]  Koitus Katagiri.  Colony formation in culture of mulberry mesophyll protoplast , 1989 .

[85]  Alvaro Ramírez.  Producción de leche de cabras alimentadas con (Pennisetum purpureum x P. typhoides), suplementadas con diferentes niveles de follaje de Poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) y de fruto de plátano verde (Musa sp. cv. pelipita) , 1989 .

[86]  K. Katagiri.  Specific and cultural differences in division of cells in culture of mulberry mesophyll protoplasts , 1988 .

[87]  S. Oka,et al.  Plant Regeneration Through Meristem Culture from Vegetative Buds of Mulberry (Morus bombycis Koidz.) Stored in Liquid Nitrogen , 1988 .

[88]  P. Gupta.  Advances in biotechnology of conifers , 1988 .

[89]  S. Enomoto.  Preservation of Genetic Resources of Mulberry by Means of Tissue Culture , 1987 .

[90]  S. Kiyama,et al.  Effect of changes of the temperature, pH and Ca ion concentration of the solutions used for protoplast fusion on the improvement of the fusion ability of mulberry protoplasts , 1987 .

[91]  Qin Jun,et al.  In vitro PRODUCTION OF HAPLOID PLANTS FROM MULBERRY (Morus) ANTHER CULTURE , 1987 .

[92]  J. Ivanička.  In vitro micropropagation of mulberry, Morus nigra L. , 1987 .

[93]  S. Bhojwani,et al.  Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice , 1986 .

[94]  T. Ohnishi,et al.  Preservation of mulberry callus by the Addition of both Abscissic Acid (ABA) and p-Aminobenzoate (PABA) in culture medium , 1986 .

[95]  Y. Bajaj.  Biotechnology of Tree Improvement for Rapid Propagation and Biomass Energy Production , 1986 .

[96]  T. Thorpe,et al.  Regeneration of Mulberry Plantlets through Tissue Culture , 1985, Botanical Gazette.

[97]  I. Tojyo.  Research of Polyploidy and Its Application in Morus , 1985 .

[98]  V. Bapat,et al.  In vitro Culture of Organ Explants of Morus indica: Plant Regeneration and Fruit Formation in Axillary Bud Culture , 1983 .

[99]  S. Arnold,et al.  In vitro studies of adventitious shoot formation in Pinus contorta , 1981 .

[100]  S. Oka,et al.  In vitro initiation of adventitious buds and its modification by high concentration of benzyladenine in leaf tissues of mulberry (Morus alba) , 1981 .

[101]  B. McCown,et al.  Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture , 1980 .

[102]  Fujio Katsumata.  Chromosomes of Morus nigra L. from Java and Hybridization Affinity between this Species and some Mulberry Species in Japan , 1979 .

[103]  S. Oka,et al.  A study on the medium for the subculture of mulberry callus , 1976 .

[104]  S. Oka,et al.  Regeneration of whole plants from isolated shoot tips of mulberry trree , 1976 .

[105]  S. Oka,et al.  Studies on in vitro culture of excised buds in mulberry tree , 1974 .

[106]  T. Murashige.  Plant Propagation Through Tissue Cultures , 1974 .

[107]  S. Oka,et al.  Induction of callus and effects of constituents of media on callus formation in mulberry tree , 1973 .

[108]  D. D. Kulkarni,et al.  Tissue culture of some woody species , 1970, Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences.

[109]  K. Ohyama.  Tissue culture in mulberry tree. , 1970 .

[110]  R. Miller,et al.  Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. , 1968, Experimental cell research.

[111]  F. Skoog,et al.  Organic Growth Factor Requirements of Tobacco Tissue Cultures , 1965 .

[112]  F. Skoog,et al.  A revised medium for the growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue culture , 1962 .