Tuberculosis in Chronic Kidney Disease.

high prevalence of CKD in India such as poverty, poor sanitation, pollutants, water contamination, overcrowding, and known and unknown nephrotoxins (including heavy metals and plant toxins in indigenous remedies) may also result in glomerular and interstitial kidney diseases. There is considerable variation in etiological presentation of CKD throughout India. Parts of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Goa have high levels of CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu), which is a chronic interstitial nephropathy with insidious onset and slow progression. CKD may also result from Polycystic k i d n e y d i s e a s e s , R e n a l va s c u l a r diseases, other known causes, like prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, nephrolithiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, leading to recurrent kidney infect ions/ pyelonephri t is , not to forget injudicious use of drugs like non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and aminoglycosides for various infections. Furthermore, due to the difficulties in access to care, over 50% of patients with advanced CKD are first diagnosed when the eGFR is <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The prevalence of CKD in different regions varies from <1% to 13%, and lately, a prevalence of 17% was reported by the International Society of Nephrology’s Kidney Disease Data Center Study.8