Negative, positive, and disorganized symptom dimensions in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder.

We compared the factor structure of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia (N = 214), major depression (N = 97), and bipolar disorder (N = 58) to determine whether schizophrenia factors would generalize to mood disorders. A study of schizophrenia and mood disorders identified patients whose symptoms were evaluated with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. We conducted principal component analyses with orthogonal rotation on the global ratings. The factor structure replicated earlier findings of three factors (negative, positive, and disorganization) in groups with schizophrenia, combined mood disorders, and psychotic symptoms, regardless of diagnosis. An additional negative symptom factor was found in the major depression group. The bipolar group did not have a disorganization factor. Similar symptom factors in schizophrenia and mood disorders suggest a continuity in the major affective and psychotic disorders that appears to reflect the underlying dimension of a psychotic process.

[1]  N C Andreasen,et al.  Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. , 1982, Archives of general psychiatry.

[2]  W. Iacono,et al.  Negative symptoms in the course of first-episode affective psychosis , 1995, Psychiatry Research.

[3]  Alogia, attentional impairment, and inappropriate affect: Their status in the dimensions of schizophrenia , 1993 .

[4]  A. Malla,et al.  Dysphoric mood and symptomatology in schizophrenia , 1991, Psychological Medicine.

[5]  W. Carpenter,et al.  Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. , 1988, The American journal of psychiatry.

[6]  N. Andreasen,et al.  Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: past, present, and future , 1994, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[7]  J. Vázquez-Barquero,et al.  Analysis of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A study from a population of long‐term outpatients , 1995, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[8]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  The Positive/Negative Symptom Distinction in Psychoses: A Replication and Extension of Previous Findings , 1988, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[9]  M. Bell,et al.  The frequency of associations between positive and negative symptoms and dysphoria in schizophrenia. , 1995, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[10]  S. Faraone,et al.  Revisiting the factor structure for positive and negative symptoms: evidence from a large heterogeneous group of psychiatric patients. , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[11]  C. Dion,et al.  Negative, psychoticism, and disorganized dimensions in patients with familial schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: continuity and discontinuity between the major psychoses. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[12]  J. Endicott,et al.  A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. , 1978, Archives of general psychiatry.

[13]  S. Klimidis,et al.  Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses Re-analysis of published SAPS and SANS global ratings , 1993, Schizophrenia Research.

[14]  S. Strakowski,et al.  Relationships Among Negative, Positive, and Depressive Symptoms in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Depression , 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[15]  P. Liddle The Symptoms of Chronic Schizophrenia , 1987, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[16]  R. Dworkin,et al.  Examining the underlying structure of schizophrenic phenomenology: evidence for a three-process model. , 1991, Schizophrenia bulletin.