Model Predictive Control of Internal Combustion Engines: A Review and Future Directions

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a highly nonlinear dynamic and complex engineering system whose operation is constrained by operational limits, including emissions, noise, peak in-cylinder pressure, combustion stability, and actuator constraints. To optimize today’s ICEs, seven to ten control actuators and 10–20 feedback sensors are often used, depending on the engine applications and target emission regulations. This requires extensive engine experimentation to calibrate the engine control module (ECM), which is both cumbersome and costly. Despite these efforts, optimal operation, particularly during engine transients and to meet real driving emission (RDE) targets for broad engine speed and load conditions, has still not been obtained. Methods of model predictive control (MPC) have shown promising results for real-time multi-objective optimal control of constrained multi-variable nonlinear systems, including ICEs. This paper reviews the application of MPC for ICEs and analyzes the recent developments in MPC that can be utilized in ECMs. ICE control and calibration can be enhanced by taking advantage of the recent developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in applying Machine Learning (ML) to large-scale engine data. Recent developments in the field of ML-MPC are investigated, and promising methods for ICE control applications are identified in this paper.

[1]  Hong Chen,et al.  Engine Idle Speed Control Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control , 2013 .

[2]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Connected Vehicle Based Distributed Meta-Learning for Online Adaptive Engine/Powertrain Fuel Consumption Modeling , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[3]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Exact Complexity Certification of Active-Set Methods for Quadratic Programming , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[4]  S. Pischinger,et al.  Evaluation of the Potential of Direct Water Injection in HCCI Combustion , 2019 .

[5]  Ken Butts,et al.  Toward Real-Time Automotive Model Predictive Control: A Perspective from a Diesel Air Path Control Development , 2018, 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC).

[6]  J. Neumann,et al.  A phenomenological modelling framework for particle emission simulation in a direct-injection gasoline engine , 2020 .

[7]  Rolf Johansson,et al.  Control of exhaust recompression HCCI using hybrid model predictive control , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 American Control Conference.

[8]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities , 2018 .

[9]  Xiang Chen,et al.  Model Predictive Control of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve , 2010 .

[10]  Guillaume Colin,et al.  Explicit nonlinear model predictive control of the air path of a turbocharged spark-ignited engine , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA).

[11]  Gionata Cimini,et al.  Embedded Model Predictive Control With Certified Real-Time Optimization for Synchronous Motors , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[12]  David Angeli,et al.  Fundamentals of economic model predictive control , 2012, 2012 IEEE 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[13]  Takamitsu Matsubara,et al.  Reinforcement Learning Boat Autopilot: A Sample-efficient and Model Predictive Control based Approach , 2019, 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS).

[14]  Stanislav V. Bohac,et al.  Real-time, adaptive machine learning for non-stationary, near chaotic gasoline engine combustion time series , 2015, Neural Networks.

[15]  Michal Kvasnica,et al.  Machine learning-based warm starting of active set methods in embedded model predictive control , 2019, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[16]  XuanLong Nguyen,et al.  An ELM based predictive control method for HCCI engines , 2016, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[17]  Dirk Abel,et al.  Fast model predictive control for the air path of a turbocharged diesel engine , 2009, 2009 European Control Conference (ECC).

[18]  Ion Necoara,et al.  DuQuad: A toolbox for solving convex quadratic programs using dual (augmented) first order algorithms , 2015, 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[19]  Paul Dickinson,et al.  Model Predictive Control of an Air Path System for Multi-Mode Operation in a Diesel Engine , 2020 .

[20]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Model-Based Control of Combustion Phasing in an HCCI Engine , 2012 .

[21]  Manuel Beschi,et al.  An MPC Framework for Online Motion Planning in Human-Robot Collaborative Tasks , 2019, 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[22]  Ammar Hasan,et al.  Machine Learning Based Adaptive Prediction Horizon in Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control , 2018, IEEE Access.

[23]  Stefan Pischinger,et al.  Development and experimental validation of a field programmable gate array–based in-cycle direct water injection control strategy for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability , 2019, International Journal of Engine Research.

[24]  Moritz Diehl,et al.  ACADO toolkit—An open‐source framework for automatic control and dynamic optimization , 2011 .

[25]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Model predictive control of turbocharged gasoline engines for mass production , 2018 .

[26]  A. Yadav,et al.  Combustion-generated pollutions and strategy for its control in CI engines: A review , 2020 .

[27]  C. Koch,et al.  A correlation-based model order reduction approach for a diesel engine NOx and brake mean effective pressure dynamic model using machine learning , 2020 .

[28]  Dario Ambrosini,et al.  Data-driven model predictive control using random forests for building energy optimization and climate control , 2018, Applied Energy.

[29]  Stephen J. Wright,et al.  Object-oriented software for quadratic programming , 2003, TOMS.

[30]  Rolf Findeisen,et al.  Nonlinear model predictive control of a turbocharged diesel engine , 2006, 2006 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control.

[31]  Behrouz K. Irdmousa,et al.  Dynamic modeling and model predictive control of an RCCI engine , 2018, Control Engineering Practice.

[32]  Francesco Biral,et al.  Comparison of direct and indirect methods for minimum lap time optimal control problems , 2018, Vehicle System Dynamics.

[33]  Khashayar Ebrahimi,et al.  Real-time Control of HCCI Engine Using Model Predictive Control , 2018, 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC).

[34]  Javad Mohammadpour,et al.  Data-driven Modeling and Predictive Control of Maximum Pressure Rise Rate in RCCI Engines , 2020, 2020 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA).

[35]  Xavier Blasco,et al.  Nonlinear predictive control based on local model networks for air management in diesel engines , 2008 .

[36]  Stefano Di Cairano,et al.  Automotive Applications of Model Predictive Control , 2018, Handbook of Model Predictive Control.

[37]  C. Koch,et al.  Evaluation of ASTM D6424 standard for knock analysis using unleaded fuel candidates on a six cylinder aircraft engine , 2021, International Journal of Engine Research.

[38]  Nils Hoffmann,et al.  PI Control, PI-Based State Space Control, and Model-Based Predictive Control for Drive Systems With Elastically Coupled Loads—A Comparative Study , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[39]  Javad Mohammadpour Velni,et al.  Input-output Data-driven Modeling and MIMO Predictive Control of an RCCI Engine Combustion , 2021, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[40]  S. García-Nieto,et al.  A Comparative Study of Stochastic Model Predictive Controllers , 2020, Electronics.

[41]  Lorenz T. Biegler,et al.  On the implementation of an interior-point filter line-search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming , 2006, Math. Program..

[42]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Gray-Box Modeling for Performance Control of an HCCI Engine With Blended Fuels , 2014 .

[43]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Decentralized model predictive control of dynamically coupled linear systems , 2011 .

[44]  Panagiotis D. Christofides,et al.  Economic model predictive control with time‐varying objective function for nonlinear process systems , 2014 .

[45]  Charles Robert Koch,et al.  Machine Learning-based Diesel Engine-Out NOx Reduction Using a plug-in PD-type Iterative Learning Control , 2020, 2020 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA).

[46]  Christof Büskens,et al.  The ESA NLP Solver WORHP , 2012 .

[47]  Marco Hutter,et al.  Data-Driven Model Predictive Control for Trajectory Tracking With a Robotic Arm , 2019, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters.

[48]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Model Predictive Idle Speed Control: Design, Analysis, and Experimental Evaluation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[49]  Robert Prucka,et al.  A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Strategy with a Disturbance Observer for Spark Ignition Engines with External EGR , 2017 .

[50]  R. Johansson,et al.  System identification and LQG control of variable-compression HCCI engine dynamics , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2004..

[51]  Zoran Filipi,et al.  Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Strategies for a Parallel Evaporator Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery System , 2016 .

[52]  Joel A. Paulson,et al.  Stochastic model predictive control - how does it work? , 2017, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[53]  L. Eriksson,et al.  Electrification of a Heavy-Duty CI Truck—Comparison of Electric Turbocharger and Crank Shaft Motor , 2021, Energies.

[54]  Stefano Di Cairano,et al.  Real-time optimization and model predictive control for aerospace and automotive applications , 2018, 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC).

[55]  Michael Valášek,et al.  Multilevel Predictive Models of IC Engine for Model Predictive Control Implementation , 2008 .

[56]  Shiyu Yang,et al.  Model predictive control with adaptive machine-learning-based model for building energy efficiency and comfort optimization , 2020 .

[57]  Xuhui Feng,et al.  Min-max Differential Inequalities for Polytopic Tube MPC , 2019, 2019 American Control Conference (ACC).

[58]  Panagiotis D. Christofides,et al.  Economic Model Predictive Control , 2015, Encyclopedia of Systems and Control.

[59]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Two-Input Two-Output Control of Blended Fuel HCCI Engines , 2013 .

[60]  Donald J. Chmielewski,et al.  Control of electric power transmission networks with massive energy storage using economic MPC , 2013, 2013 American Control Conference.

[61]  Panagiotis Patrinos,et al.  OpEn: Code Generation for Embedded Nonconvex Optimization , 2020, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[62]  S. S. Douglas,et al.  Adaptive neural network model based predictive control for air-fuel ratio of SI engines , 2006, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[63]  Jan Swevers,et al.  Model predictive control of automotive powertrains - first experimental results , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[64]  S. Pischinger,et al.  Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability improvement using a rapid ignition system , 2020 .

[65]  Yanjun Huang,et al.  Model predictive control power management strategies for HEVs: A review , 2017 .

[66]  Charles Robert Koch,et al.  Integral Discrete-time Sliding Mode Control of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Load and Combustion Timing , 2019, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[67]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Piecewise linear optimal controllers for hybrid systems , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 American Control Conference. ACC (IEEE Cat. No.00CH36334).

[68]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Grey-box modeling of HCCI engines , 2014 .

[69]  Armin Norouzi,et al.  Lateral control of an autonomous vehicle using integrated backstepping and sliding mode controller , 2018, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics.

[70]  José David López,et al.  LQR control for speed and torque of internal combustion engines , 2011 .

[71]  Yunfeng Hu,et al.  Nonlinear model predictive controller design based on learning model for turbocharged gasoline engine of passenger vehicle , 2018, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[72]  M. Diehl,et al.  HPIPM: a high-performance quadratic programming framework for model predictive control , 2020, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[73]  Nikolaos V. Sahinidis,et al.  A polyhedral branch-and-cut approach to global optimization , 2005, Math. Program..

[74]  Manfred Morari,et al.  Linear offset-free Model Predictive Control , 2009, Autom..

[75]  Rolf Findeisen,et al.  Nonlinear Predictive Control for Trajectory Tracking and Path Following: An Introduction and Perspective , 2018, Handbook of Model Predictive Control.

[76]  Karl Henrik Johansson,et al.  Event-triggered model predictive control with machine learning for compensation of model uncertainties , 2017, 2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[77]  M. Shahbakhti,et al.  Data-Driven Modeling and Control of Cyclic Variability of an Engine Operating in Low Temperature Combustion Modes , 2021, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[78]  Jay H. Lee,et al.  Model predictive control: Review of the three decades of development , 2011 .

[79]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Epistemic Uncertainty Quantification in State-Space LPV Model Identification Using Bayesian Neural Networks , 2021, IEEE Control Systems Letters.

[80]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Grey-box modeling and control of HCCI engine emissions , 2014, 2014 American Control Conference.

[81]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Performance prediction of HCCI engines with oxygenated fuels using artificial neural networks , 2015 .

[82]  S. Pischinger,et al.  Development and experimental validation of a real-time capable field programmable gate array–based gas exchange model for negative valve overlap , 2018, International Journal of Engine Research.

[83]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Nonconvex model predictive control for commercial refrigeration , 2013, Int. J. Control.

[84]  H. Pitsch,et al.  Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Maximum Pressure Rise Rate for an LTC Concept in a Single Cylinder CI Engine , 2019, SAE Technical Paper Series.

[85]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Model Predictive Control of an RCCI Engine , 2018, 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC).

[86]  Qilun Zhu,et al.  Quantification of Linear Approximation Error for Model Predictive Control of Spark-Ignited Turbocharged Engines , 2019, SAE Technical Paper Series.

[87]  Frank Willems,et al.  Model predictive control of a waste heat recovery system for automotive diesel engines , 2014, 2014 18th International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC).

[88]  Timothy Leif Anderson,et al.  Distributed Economic Model Predictive Control of a Catalytic Reactor: Evaluation of Sequential and Iterative Architectures , 2015 .

[89]  M. Shahbakhti,et al.  An Online Transfer Learning Approach for Identification and Predictive Control Design With Application to RCCI Engines , 2020 .

[90]  Michal Kvasnica.  Implicit vs explicit MPC — Similarities, differences, and a path owards a unified method , 2016, 2016 European Control Conference (ECC).

[91]  J. Richalet,et al.  Model predictive heuristic control: Applications to industrial processes , 1978, Autom..

[92]  Moritz Diehl,et al.  CasADi: a software framework for nonlinear optimization and optimal control , 2018, Mathematical Programming Computation.

[93]  H. Borhan,et al.  Air handling control of a diesel engine with a complex dual-loop EGR and VGT air system using MPC , 2015, 2015 American Control Conference (ACC).

[94]  Barry Lennox,et al.  Non-linear model-based predictive control of gasoline engine air-fuel ratio , 1998 .

[95]  M. Shahbakhti,et al.  Soot Emission Modeling of a Compression Ignition Engine Using Machine Learning , 2021, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[96]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Grey-Box Modeling for HCCI Engine Control , 2013 .

[97]  Michael Wetter,et al.  All you need to know about model predictive control for buildings , 2020, Annu. Rev. Control..

[98]  Michael A. Saunders,et al.  SNOPT: An SQP Algorithm for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization , 2005, SIAM Rev..

[99]  Robert Prucka,et al.  An Economic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Strategy for SI Engines: Model-Based Design and Real-Time Experimental Validation , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[100]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Real-time modeling of ringing in HCCI engines using artificial neural networks , 2017 .

[101]  S M Aceves,et al.  A fully coupled computational fluid dynamics and multi-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics for the simulation of premixed charge compression ignition engines , 2005 .

[102]  Song-Charng Kong,et al.  Modeling Autoignition and Engine Knock Under Spark Ignition Conditions , 2003 .

[103]  Amir H. Shamekhi,et al.  Engine idle speed control using nonlinear multiparametric model predictive control , 2020 .

[104]  Sina Sharif Mansouri,et al.  Nonlinear MPC for Collision Avoidance and Control of UAVs With Dynamic Obstacles , 2020, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters.

[105]  D. Q. Mayne,et al.  Robust and Stochastic MPC: Are We Going In The Right Direction? , 2015 .

[106]  Ilya Kolmanovsky,et al.  Model predictive emissions control of a diesel engine airpath: Design and experimental evaluation , 2020, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control.

[107]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Grey-box modeling architectures for rotational dynamic control in automotive engines , 2012, 2012 American Control Conference (ACC).

[108]  Paul Bromnick.  Development of a Model Predictive Controller for Engine Idle Speed using CPower , 1999 .

[109]  Emilia Silvas,et al.  Electric Powertrain Topology Analysis and Design for Heavy-Duty Trucks , 2020, Energies.

[110]  Shuichi Adachi,et al.  Multi-Variable Air-Path Management for a Clean Diesel Engine Using Model Predictive Control , 2009 .

[111]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  HCCI Engine Combustion Phasing Prediction Using a Symbolic-Statistics Approach , 2010 .

[112]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Identification of ringing operation for low temperature combustion engines , 2016 .

[113]  Luigi del Re,et al.  Predictive Control of a Diesel Engine Air Path , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[114]  J. Christian Gerdes,et al.  Model predictive control of HCCI using variable valve actuation and fuel injection , 2012 .

[115]  Mohd Farid Muhamad Said,et al.  Understanding and detecting misfire in an HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol , 2013 .

[116]  Lukas Hewing,et al.  Learning-Based Model Predictive Control: Toward Safe Learning in Control , 2020, Annu. Rev. Control. Robotics Auton. Syst..

[117]  Takamitsu Matsubara,et al.  Sample-and-computation-efficient Probabilistic Model Predictive Control with Random Features , 2020, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).

[118]  Damien Picard,et al.  Approximate model predictive building control via machine learning , 2018 .

[119]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Control of systems integrating logic, dynamics, and constraints , 1999, Autom..

[120]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  An MPC design flow for automotive control and applications to idle speed regulation , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[121]  Chris Manzie,et al.  Economic Model Predictive Control and Applications for Diesel Generators , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[122]  Mohammad Reza Jahed-Motlagh,et al.  Practical Explicit Model Predictive Control for a Class of Noise-embedded Chaotic Hybrid Systems , 2019, International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems.

[123]  Alexander Domahidi,et al.  FORCES NLP: an efficient implementation of interior-point methods for multistage nonlinear nonconvex programs , 2020, Int. J. Control.

[124]  Oliver Stein,et al.  How to solve a semi-infinite optimization problem , 2012, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[125]  Bilin Aksun Güvenç,et al.  Explicit MIMO Model Predictive Boost Pressure Control of a Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[126]  Donald Goldfarb,et al.  Second-order cone programming , 2003, Math. Program..

[127]  Wray L. Buntine,et al.  Hands-On Bayesian Neural Networks—A Tutorial for Deep Learning Users , 2020, IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine.

[128]  Francesco Biral,et al.  Notes on Numerical Methods for Solving Optimal Control Problems , 2016 .

[129]  M. Diehl,et al.  Fast nonlinear model predictive control of gasoline engines , 2006, 2006 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control.

[130]  Javad Mohammadpour,et al.  Data-driven Modeling and Predictive Control of Combustion Phasing for RCCI Engines , 2019, 2019 American Control Conference (ACC).

[131]  George Nikolakopoulos,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of an Explicit Model Predictive Controller for an Adhesion Vortex Actuated Climbing Robot , 2020, 2020 American Control Conference (ACC).

[132]  Tamás Bécsi,et al.  Hierarchical Evasive Path Planning Using Reinforcement Learning and Model Predictive Control , 2020, IEEE Access.

[133]  C. Ramesh Kumar,et al.  A review on control system architecture of a SI engine management system , 2016, Annu. Rev. Control..

[134]  Takamitsu Matsubara,et al.  Autonomous boat driving system using sample‐efficient model predictive control‐based reinforcement learning approach , 2020, J. Field Robotics.

[135]  M. Shahbakhti,et al.  Identification of State-space Linear Parameter-varying Models Using Artificial Neural Networks , 2020 .

[136]  Mehran Bidarvatan,et al.  Cycle-to-cycle modeling and sliding mode control of blended-fuel HCCI engine , 2014 .

[137]  C. Koch,et al.  Support vector machine for a diesel engine performance and NOx emission control-oriented model , 2020 .

[138]  Marcello Farina,et al.  Stochastic linear Model Predictive Control with chance constraints – A review , 2016 .

[139]  Niels Kjølstad Poulsen,et al.  Economic Model Predictive Control for building climate control in a Smart Grid , 2012, 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[140]  José Francisco Gómez-Aguilar,et al.  Experimental Study on the Performance of Controllers for the Hydrogen Gas Production Demanded by an Internal Combustion Engine , 2018, Energies.

[141]  Bart De Schutter,et al.  Learning-based model predictive control for Markov decision processes , 2005 .

[142]  Kim Peter Wabersich,et al.  Linear Model Predictive Safety Certification for Learning-Based Control , 2018, 2018 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[143]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Model predictive control based on linear programming - the explicit solution , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[144]  J. D. Powell,et al.  A Review of IC Engine Models for Control System Design , 1987 .

[145]  Rolf Johansson,et al.  Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Model Predictive Control of a Diesel Engine , 2010 .

[146]  Maciej Lawrynczuk,et al.  Nonlinear predictive control based on neural multi-models , 2010, Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci..

[147]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems , 2004 .

[148]  Erdal Kayacan,et al.  Model Predictive Control in Aerospace Systems: Current State and Opportunities , 2017 .

[149]  Tielong Shen,et al.  Model predictive control with traffic information-based driver’s torque demand prediction for diesel engines , 2019 .

[150]  Panagiotis D. Christofides,et al.  Model predictive control of phthalic anhydride synthesis in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor via machine learning modeling , 2019, Chemical Engineering Research and Design.

[151]  Michael Baldea,et al.  Integrating scheduling and control for economic MPC of buildings with energy storage , 2014 .

[152]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Energy Optimization and Fuel Economy Investigation of a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Integrated with Diesel/RCCI Engines , 2016 .

[153]  M. Guay,et al.  Robust adaptive MPC for constrained uncertain nonlinear systems , 2011 .

[154]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  The explicit linear quadratic regulator for constrained systems , 2003, Autom..

[155]  Luigi del Re,et al.  Predictive control of a real-world Diesel engine using an extended online active set strategy , 2007, Annu. Rev. Control..

[156]  M. Shahbakhti,et al.  Model-Based Dynamic In-Cylinder Air Charge, Residual Gas and Temperature Estimation for a GDI Spark Ignition Engine Using Cylinder, Intake and Exhaust Pressures , 2020 .

[157]  Charles Robert Koch,et al.  A grey-box machine learning based model of an electrochemical gas sensor , 2020 .

[158]  Aaron D. Ames,et al.  An Online Approach to Active Set Invariance , 2018, 2018 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[159]  Jorge Nocedal,et al.  Knitro: An Integrated Package for Nonlinear Optimization , 2006 .

[160]  Nikolaos Planakis,et al.  A Predictive Energy Management System for a Hybrid Diesel-Electric Marine Propulsion Plant , 2020, 2020 European Control Conference (ECC).

[161]  Johan Löfberg,et al.  YALMIP : a toolbox for modeling and optimization in MATLAB , 2004 .

[162]  Dirk Abel,et al.  Nonlinear model predictive control of a discrete-cycle gasoline-controlled auto ignition engine model: Simulative analysis , 2019, International Journal of Engine Research.

[163]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Analysis and modeling of exhaust gas temperature in an ethanol fuelled HCCI engine , 2013 .

[164]  Michael J. Grimble,et al.  Real-Time Predictive Control for SI Engines Using Linear Parameter-Varying Models , 2015 .

[165]  Charles Robert Koch,et al.  Model Predictive Control for Combustion Timing and Load Control in HCCI engines , 2015 .

[166]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  CVXPY: A Python-Embedded Modeling Language for Convex Optimization , 2016, J. Mach. Learn. Res..

[167]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Fast Model Predictive Control Using Online Optimization , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[168]  M Maarten Steinbuch,et al.  Modeling and Control of a Parallel Waste Heat Recovery System for Euro-VI Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines , 2014 .

[169]  A. M. Dizqah,et al.  Simultaneous control of NOx, soot and fuel economy of a diesel engine with dual-loop EGR and VNT using economic MPC , 2021, Control Engineering Practice.

[170]  J. Karl Hedrick,et al.  Adaptive sliding mode control of air–fuel ratio in internal combustion engines , 2004 .

[171]  Xiaojing Zhang,et al.  Data-Driven Predictive Control for Autonomous Systems , 2018, Annu. Rev. Control. Robotics Auton. Syst..

[172]  Karl Henrik Johansson,et al.  Event-Triggered Model Predictive Control With a Statistical Learning , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems.

[173]  Yue Yuan,et al.  Data-driven model predictive control for building climate control: Three case studies on different buildings , 2019, Building and Environment.

[174]  M. Shahbakhti,et al.  An experimental investigation on combustion and performance characteristics of supercharged HCCI operation in low compression ratio engine setting , 2020 .

[175]  Chien-Liang Kuo,et al.  Model predictive control of SCR aftertreatment system , 2010, 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[176]  Daniel Axehill,et al.  Towards Parallel Implementation of Hybrid MPC—A Survey and Directions for Future Research , 2012 .

[177]  Mingfa Yao,et al.  A Review of Thermal Management System and Control Strategy for Automotive Engines , 2021 .

[178]  Tomasz Cepowski,et al.  The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Determine the Engine Power and Fuel Consumption of Modern Bulk Carriers, Tankers and Container Ships , 2021, Energies.

[179]  Tri-Vien Vu,et al.  A Model Predictive Control Approach for Fuel Economy Improvement of a Series Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle , 2014 .

[180]  Andreas Hansen,et al.  Algorithmic performance of receding horizon sliding control for engine emission reduction , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA).

[181]  Robert Prucka,et al.  Nonlinear economic Model Predictive Control for SI engines based on Sequential Quadratic Programming , 2016, 2016 American Control Conference (ACC).

[182]  Rolf Johansson,et al.  Model Predictive Control of an Advanced Multiple Cylinder Engine With Partially Premixed Combustion Concept , 2020, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[183]  Chee Kheong Siew,et al.  Extreme learning machine: Theory and applications , 2006, Neurocomputing.

[184]  Jong Min Lee,et al.  Hybrid Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of LNT and Urealess SCR Aftertreatment System , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[185]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Modeling and controller design architecture for cycle-by-cycle combustion control of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines – A comprehensive review , 2017 .

[186]  J. Pekar,et al.  Model Predictive Control of a Diesel Engine with Turbo Compound and Exhaust After-Treatment Constraints , 2018 .

[187]  Daniel Axehill,et al.  Exact Complexity Certification of a Standard Primal Active-Set Method for Quadratic Programming , 2019, 2019 IEEE 58th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[188]  Michael Valášek,et al.  Transient Engine Model as a Tool for Predictive Control , 2006 .

[189]  Guoming G. Zhu,et al.  A two-zone reaction-based combustion model for a spark-ignition engine , 2021, International Journal of Engine Research.

[190]  Leslie K. Norford,et al.  Transfer learning with deep neural networks for model predictive control of HVAC and natural ventilation in smart buildings , 2020, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[191]  L. del Re,et al.  MPC for a diesel engine air path using an explicit approach for constraint systems , 2006, 2006 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control.

[192]  Edward Winward,et al.  An Explicit Model Predictive Control Framework for Turbocharged Diesel Engines , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[193]  Francesco Borrelli,et al.  A model predictive control framework for industrial turbodiesel engine control , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[194]  Patrick M. Wensing,et al.  MPC-based Controller with Terrain Insight for Dynamic Legged Locomotion , 2019, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).

[195]  Rolf Isermann,et al.  Engine Modeling and Control , 2014 .

[196]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Optimal Control of Diesel Engines: Numerical Methods, Applications, and Experimental Validation , 2014 .

[197]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Modeling Ranges of Cyclic Variability for HCCI Ignition Timing Control , 2011 .

[198]  Mahdi Shahbakhti,et al.  Discrete adaptive second order sliding mode controller design with application to automotive control systems with model uncertainties , 2017, 2017 American Control Conference (ACC).

[199]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Receding Horizon Control , 2011, IEEE Control Systems.

[200]  R. Vanderbei.  LOQO:an interior point code for quadratic programming , 1999 .