HIGH-CONTRAST NEAR-INFRARED IMAGING POLARIMETRY OF THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK AROUND RY TAU

We present near-infrared coronagraphic imaging polarimetry of RY Tau. The scattered light in the circumstellar environment was imaged at the H band at a high resolution (~0.''05) for the first time, using Subaru/HiCIAO. The observed polarized intensity (PI) distribution shows a butterfly-like distribution of bright emission with an angular scale similar to the disk observed at millimeter wavelengths. This distribution is offset toward the blueshifted jet, indicating the presence of a geometrically thick disk or a remnant envelope, and therefore the earliest stage of the Class II evolutionary phase. We perform comparisons between the observed PI distribution and disk models with (1) full radiative transfer code, using the spectral energy distribution (SED) to constrain the disk parameters; and (2) monochromatic simulations of scattered light which explore a wide range of parameters space to constrain the disk and dust parameters. We show that these models cannot consistently explain the observed PI distribution, SED, and the viewing angle inferred by millimeter interferometry. We suggest that the scattered light in the near-infrared is associated with an optically thin and geometrically thick layer above the disk surface, with the surface responsible for the infrared SED. Half of the scattered light and thermal radiation in this layer illuminates the disk surface, and this process may significantly affect the thermal structure of the disk.

Olivier Guyon | Yutaka Hayano | Taro Matsuo | Timothy D. Brandt | Edwin L. Turner | Masayuki Kuzuhara | Klaus W. Hodapp | Miki Ishii | Masanori Iye | Markus Janson | Ryo Kandori | Jun-Ichi Morino | Tetsuo Nishimura | Eugene Serabyn | Hiroshi Suto | Tae-Soo Pyo | Hideki Takami | Hiroshi Terada | Nobuhiko Kusakabe | Motohide Tamura | Ryuji Suzuki | Wolfgang Brandner | Masahiko Hayashi | Tomonori Usuda | Munetake Momose | Katherine B. Follette | Thayne Currie | Toru Yamada | Makoto Watanabe | Jun Hashimoto | Lyu Abe | Michael W. McElwain | Naruhisa Takato | Markus Feldt | Yoichi Itoh | Sebastian E. Egner | Joseph Carson | Thomas Henning | Michihiro Takami | Jungmi Kwon | Christian Thalmann | Carol A. Grady | Shoken Miyama | Amaya Moro-Martin | Tomoyuki Kudo | Gillian R. Knapp | L. Abe | M. Tamura | K. Hodapp | A. Moro-martin | E. Serabyn | O. Guyon | T. Matsuo | M. McElwain | W. Brandner | M. Feldt | T. Henning | C. Thalmann | M. Janson | E. Turner | G. Knapp | S. Egner | Toru Yamada | M. Hayashi | S. Miyama | M. Chou | H. Suto | M. Kuzuhara | T. Kudo | N. Kusakabe | K. Follette | T. Currie | Y. Hayano | N. Takato | J. Morino | J. Kwon | J. Hashimoto | R. Kandori | Makoto Watanabe | Y. Itoh | M. Iye | T. Usuda | C. Grady | R. Suzuki | D. Tomono | H. Takami | T. Pyo | H. Terada | T. Nishimura | M. Takami | J. Karr | M. Momose | M. Ishii | J. Carson | S. Hayashi | Daigo Tomono | Saeko Hayashi | Mei-Yin Chou | Hyosun Kim | S. Mayama | J. Wisnewski | Satoshi Mayama | Jennifer L. Karr | Hyosun Kim | John Wisnewski | A. Moro-Martin

[1]  H. M. Lee,et al.  Optical properties of interstellar graphite and silicate grains , 1984 .

[2]  L. Hartmann,et al.  The Mass Accretion Rates of Intermediate-Mass T Tauri Stars , 2004 .

[3]  Marshall D. Perrin,et al.  RULING OUT STELLAR COMPANIONS AND RESOLVING THE INNERMOST REGIONS OF TRANSITIONAL DISKS WITH THE KECK INTERFEROMETER , 2009, 0912.0846.

[4]  C. A. Grady,et al.  DISCOVERY OF SMALL-SCALE SPIRAL STRUCTURES IN THE DISK OF SAO 206462 (HD 135344B): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE DISK FROM SPIRAL DENSITY WAVE THEORY , 2012, 1202.6139.

[5]  Spitzer Science Center,et al.  The HD 163296 Circumstellar Disk in Scattered Light: Evidence of Time-Variable Self-Shadowing , 2008, 0807.1766.

[6]  Alan M. Watson,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Disk and Jet of HH 30 , 1996 .

[7]  P. Martin,et al.  The Size Distribution of Interstellar Dust Particles as Determined from Extinction , 1993 .

[8]  C. A. Grady,et al.  SPIRAL ARMS IN THE ASYMMETRICALLY ILLUMINATED DISK OF MWC 758 AND CONSTRAINTS ON GIANT PLANETS , 2012, 1212.1466.

[9]  P. Cassen,et al.  The collapse of the cores of slowly rotating isothermal clouds , 1984 .

[10]  Motohide Tamura,et al.  Subaru Strategic Exploration of Exoplanets and Disks with HiCIAO/AO188 (SEEDS) , 2009 .

[11]  C. Loore,et al.  The Formation of Stars , 1992 .

[12]  W. B. Weaver,et al.  A catalog of CO-added IRAS fluxes of Orion population stars , 1992 .

[13]  C. Dullemond,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR DUST CLEARING THROUGH RESOLVED SUBMILLIMETER IMAGING , 2008, 0802.0998.

[14]  C. Dullemond,et al.  PROTOPLANETARY DISK STRUCTURES IN OPHIUCHUS. II. EXTENSION TO FAINTER SOURCES , 2010, 1007.5070.

[15]  D. Lynden-Bell,et al.  The Evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables. , 1974 .

[16]  Paolo Conconi,et al.  Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series , 2012 .

[17]  M. Wolff,et al.  Two-dimensional Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes. I. Effects of Geometry on Class I Sources , 2003, astro-ph/0303479.

[18]  Miki Ishii,et al.  EXOPLANETS AND DISKS: THEIR FORMATION AND DIVERSITY , 2009 .

[19]  R. Kurucz.  ATLAS9 Stellar Atmosphere Programs and 2 km/s grid. , 1993 .

[20]  Protoplanet magnetosphere interactions , 2007, astro-ph/0701342.

[21]  Jonathan P. Williams,et al.  Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective , 2005, astro-ph/0506187.

[22]  Timothy D. Brandt,et al.  THE STRUCTURE OF PRE-TRANSITIONAL PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. I. RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELING OF THE DISK+CAVITY IN THE PDS 70 SYSTEM , 2012, 1209.3772.

[23]  L. Hartmann,et al.  Pre-Main-Sequence Evolution in the Taurus-Auriga Molecular Cloud , 1995 .

[24]  High-Resolution Near-Infrared Images and Models of the Circumstellar Disk in HH 30 , 2001, astro-ph/0104066.

[25]  J. Holtzman,et al.  A Variable Asymmetry in the Circumstellar Disk of HH 30 , 1999 .

[26]  Olivier Guyon,et al.  MAPPING H-BAND SCATTERED LIGHT EMISSION IN THE MYSTERIOUS SR21 TRANSITIONAL DISK , 2013, 1302.5705.

[27]  Vincent Mannings,et al.  Dust in discs around T Tauri stars : grain growth ? , 1994 .

[28]  D. Ciardi,et al.  Observations and Modeling of the Inner Disk Region of T Tauri Stars , 2004, astro-ph/0412438.

[29]  Olivier Guyon,et al.  Design of laser system for Subaru LGS AO , 2004, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[30]  P. Goldreich,et al.  Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars with Passive Circumstellar Disks , 1997, astro-ph/9706042.

[31]  Shane Jacobson,et al.  Concept and science of HiCIAO: high contrast instrument for the Subaru next generation adaptive optics , 2006, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[32]  K. Wood,et al.  Scattered Light Signatures of Magnetic Accretion in Classical T Tauri Stars , 1998 .

[33]  Accretion Disks around Young Objects. II. Tests of Well-mixed Models with ISM Dust , 1999, astro-ph/9907330.

[34]  J. Carpenter,et al.  INVESTIGATING PLANET FORMATION IN CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS: CARMA OBSERVATIONS OF RY Tau AND DG Tau , 2010, 1003.4318.

[35]  R. Ulrich.  An infall model for the T Tauri phenomenon , 1976 .

[36]  M. E. van den Ancker,et al.  ISO spectroscopy of circumstellar dust in 14 Herbig Ae/Be systems: Towards an understanding of dust processing , 2001 .

[37]  R. Indebetouw,et al.  Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. II. Fitting Observed SEDs Using a Large Grid of Precomputed Models , 2006, astro-ph/0612690.

[38]  L. Hartmann,et al.  Model scattering envelopes of young stellar objects. I - Method and application to circumstellar disks , 1992 .

[39]  Christian Thalmann,et al.  Reduction of polarimetric data using Mueller calculus applied to Nasmyth instruments , 2008, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[40]  Olivier Guyon,et al.  POLARIMETRIC IMAGING OF LARGE CAVITY STRUCTURES IN THE PRE-TRANSITIONAL PROTOPLANETARY DISK AROUND PDS 70: OBSERVATIONS OF THE DISK , 2012, 1208.2075.

[41]  E. V. Heuvel,et al.  The Nature and Evolutionary Status of Herbig Ae/Be Stars , 1994 .

[42]  H. Liu,et al.  TIME VARIABILITY OF EMISSION LINES FOR FOUR ACTIVE T TAURI STARS. I. OCTOBER−DECEMBER IN 2010 , 2013, 1302.4183.

[43]  B. Merín,et al.  Optical spectroscopic variability of Herbig Ae/Be stars , 2011, 1102.5033.

[44]  Jonathan P. Williams,et al.  Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution , 2011, 1103.0556.

[45]  Timothy D. Brandt,et al.  High-Resolution Near-Infrared Polarimetry of a Circumstellar Disk around UX Tau A , 2012, 1206.1215.

[46]  Sean M. Andrews,et al.  PROTOPLANETARY DISK STRUCTURES IN OPHIUCHUS , 2009, 0906.0730.

[47]  R. Indebetouw,et al.  Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A Grid of 200,000 YSO Model SEDs , 2006, astro-ph/0608234.

[49]  A Jet Associated with the Classical T Tauri Star RY Tauri , 2008 .

[50]  Catherine Espaillat,et al.  TRANSITIONAL AND PRE-TRANSITIONAL DISKS: GAP OPENING BY MULTIPLE PLANETS? , 2010, 1012.4395.

[51]  Christoph U. Keller,et al.  The effects of disk and dust structure on observed polarimetric images of protoplanetary disks , 2011, 1111.4348.

[52]  E. Kokubo,et al.  DIRECT IMAGING OF FINE STRUCTURES IN GIANT PLANET-FORMING REGIONS OF THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK AROUND AB AURIGAE , 2011, 1102.4408.

[53]  E. Grün,et al.  Cosmic Dust - Near and Far , 2009 .

[54]  Martin G. Cohen,et al.  TWO-DIMENSIONAL RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN PROTOSTELLAR ENVELOPES. II. AN EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE , 2003, astro-ph/0309007.

[55]  Bernard Muschielok,et al.  The 4MOST instrument concept overview , 2014, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[56]  Miki Ishii,et al.  DETECTION OF WATER ICE GRAINS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK AROUND HD 142527 , 2009 .

[57]  M. Perryman,et al.  The Three-Dimensional Universe with Gaia , 2005 .

[58]  The Spectral Energy Distribution of HH 30 IRS: Constraining the Circumstellar Dust Size Distribution , 2001, astro-ph/0109048.

[59]  William Herbst,et al.  Catalogue of UBVRI photometry of T Tauri stars and analysis of the causes of their variability , 1994 .

[60]  T. Nakajima,et al.  Coronagraphic imaging of pre-main-sequence stars: Remnant evvelopes of star formation seen in reflection , 1995 .

[61]  Paulo J. V. Garcia,et al.  (O I) sub-arcsecond study of a microjet from an intermediate mass young star: RY Tauri , 2009 .

[62]  R. Wichmann,et al.  Hipparcos observations of pre-main-sequence stars , 1997 .

[63]  Jonathan P. Williams,et al.  A SPATIALLY RESOLVED INNER HOLE IN THE DISK AROUND GM AURIGAE , 2009, 0903.4455.

[64]  Ari Laor,et al.  Spectroscopic constraints on the properties of dust in active galactic nuclei , 1993 .

[65]  CfAO,et al.  SPECKLE SUPPRESSION THROUGH DUAL IMAGING POLARIMETRY, AND A GROUND-BASED IMAGE OF THE HR 4796A CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK , 2009, 0906.3010.

[66]  O. Guyon,et al.  THE MISSING CAVITIES IN THE SEEDS POLARIZED SCATTERED LIGHT IMAGES OF TRANSITIONAL PROTOPLANETARY DISKS: A GENERIC DISK MODEL , 2012, 1203.1612.

[67]  K. Stapelfeldt,et al.  Asymmetry and Variability in the HH 30 Circumstellar Disk , 2007 .

[68]  H. Kataza,et al.  Subaru/COMICS Study on Silicate Dust Processing around Young Low-Mass Stars , 2006 .

[69]  J. Carpenter,et al.  STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS , 2009, 0906.2227.