Revisions in the risk‐based breast cancer screening program at group health cooperative

To pursue the goal of achieving regular use of mammography in women 40 years of age and older, a risk‐based selective approach to screening was implemented at a 400,000‐member managed health care system in the Northwest in 1985. This article describes the context for this approach to selective screening and reviews revisions in the algorithm used to determine when and how a woman should be screened. Changes made in 1988 with respect to age criteria, intervals for mammography, and which risk factors to include are discussed. The result of these changes is that 83% of women 40 years of age and older are now eligible for regular mammography compared with 57% under the former system. The total use of mammography in any given year remains unchanged. The results of this analysis have implications for other organizations attempting to promote the use of mammography.

[1]  N. Day,et al.  Screening for breast cancer: workshop report. , 1988, European journal of cancer & clinical oncology.

[2]  A. Miller,et al.  Selection of women at high risk of breast cancer for initial screening. , 1986, Journal of chronic diseases.

[3]  L. Tabár,et al.  The Swedish two county trial of mammographic screening for breast cancer: recent results and calculation of benefit. , 1989, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[4]  W. Willett,et al.  Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study , 1986 .

[5]  D. Thomas,et al.  Evidence for a protective effect of lactation on risk of breast cancer in young women. Results from a case-control study. , 1986, American journal of epidemiology.

[6]  S. Shapiro General motors cancer research foundation prizes Charles F. Kettering prize. Determining the efficacy of breast cancer screening , 1989 .

[7]  C. D'Orsi,et al.  Increasing the effort toward breast cancer detection. , 1986, JAMA.

[8]  A. Huggins,et al.  Use of risk factors to allocate schedules for breast cancer screening. , 1988, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[9]  D P Byar,et al.  Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[10]  W. Willett,et al.  Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Risk factors for breast cancer: pooled results from three Italian case-control studies. , 1988, American journal of epidemiology.

[12]  Stark Am The value of risk factors in screening for breast cancer. , 1985 .

[13]  R. Hoover,et al.  Breast cancer risk factors among screening program participants. , 1979, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[14]  P. Wingo,et al.  The risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have used estrogen replacement therapy. , 1987, JAMA.

[15]  E. Wagner,et al.  Smokers and drinkers in a health maintenance organization population: lifestyles and health status. , 1987, Preventive medicine.

[16]  A. Huggins,et al.  Risk factors for breast cancer with applications to selection for the prevalence screen. , 1987, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[17]  J Whitehead,et al.  The relationship between Wolfe's classification of mammograms, accepted breast cancer risk factors, and the incidence of breast cancer. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[18]  Ivar Heuch,et al.  A prospective study of reproductive factors and breast cancer. I. Parity. , 1987, American journal of epidemiology.

[19]  J. Kelsey,et al.  Epidemiologic aspects of breast cancer. , 1983, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[20]  R. Greenberg,et al.  Occurrence of Certain Multiple Primary Cancers in Females , 1969 .

[21]  M. Alderson SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER , 1975, The Lancet.

[22]  K. Rothman,et al.  Replacement estrogens and breast cancer. , 1980, American journal of epidemiology.

[23]  M. Hakama,et al.  Failure of selective screning for breast cancer by combining risk factors , 1978, International journal of cancer.

[24]  R. Thompson,et al.  A clinically effective breast cancer screening program can be cost-effective, too. , 1987, Preventive medicine.

[25]  S. Shapiro,et al.  Breast cancer before age 45 and oral contraceptive use: new findings. , 1989, American journal of epidemiology.

[26]  L. Tabár,et al.  REDUCTION IN MORTALITY FROM BREAST CANCER AFTER MASS SCREENING WITH MAMMOGRAPHY Randomised Trial from the Breast Cancer Screening Working Group of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare , 1985, The Lancet.

[27]  R. Hoover,et al.  The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  L. Baker,et al.  Breast cancer detection demonstration project: Five‐year summary report , 1982, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[29]  T. Byers,et al.  LACTATION AND BREAST CANCER , 2005 .

[30]  B. Stoll Risk Factors in Breast Cancer , 1976 .

[31]  G. Clark,et al.  Identification of women at high risk of breast cancer. , 1986, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[32]  S D Stellman,et al.  A different perspective on breast cancer risk factors: Some implications of the nonattributable risk , 1982, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[33]  Robert S. Thompson,et al.  Cost effectiveness in program delivery , 1989, Cancer.

[34]  E. Wynder,et al.  Breast Cancer and Alcohol Consumption: A Study in Weak Associations , 1988 .

[35]  P. Wingo,et al.  Family history and the risk of breast cancer. , 1985, JAMA.

[36]  S. Thier Breast cancer screening: a view from outside the controversy. , 1977, New England Journal of Medicine.

[37]  Risk factor analysis of screening data. , 1987, Journal of chronic diseases.

[38]  W D Dupont,et al.  Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  F. Hall,et al.  Screening mammography--potential problems on the horizon. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.