Main streams in the Construction of Biosensors and Their Applications

Biosensors are quite simple but accurate analytical devices which have been practically used since the half of 20 th century and their popularity is still growing. This review is focused on description and summarization of general biosensors construction with introducing of practical examples including graphical explanations. The most applied biorecognition elements like enzymes, genetic information, antibodies, viable cells and, types of standard immobilization techniques and usually used transducers like the optical and electrochemical are given here. Current top topics in biosensing, modern approaches, novel materials and principals and unique combination of transducers and biorecogniction elements are also explained. Survey of actual literature is also provided.