Measuring and Linking School Professional Learning Environment Characteristics, Teacher Self and Organizational Efficacy, Receptivity to Change, and Multiple Indices of School Effectiveness.

During the past two decades, several important lines of inquiry have been developed to study the complex organizational and learning environment features of schools. In addition, researchers, theorists and educational policy makers have become increasingly concerned about educational reform and change, and with establishing linkages between educational improvement efforts and the effectiveness of schools. The extant school effectiveness and effects literatures have primarily focused on student achievement as the school outcome/productivity variable of concern. Alternatively, the literature on the study of schools as organizations has primarily focused on the measurement of school organizational, cultural and environmental variables and linkages of these to the efficiency, adaptability and general productivity of schools as organizational units. This study addresses the need to develop more comprehensive, integrated conceptual frameworks for studying schools that utilize multiple indices of school effectiveness, and that link these indices to school organizational, environmental and personal variables. Teachers (n=1041) drawn from fifty three schools in a large, urban/suburban school district in a southeastern state participated in the study. Survey data were collected using original measures of teacher self and organizational efficacies and characteristics of the professional learning environment of schools, and a revised measure of teacher receptivity to change. These variables were subsequently linked to multiple indices of school productivity, holding power and organizational effectiveness. The study variables were organized, and exploratory data analyses were completed in

[1]  E. A. Locke,et al.  Generalizing From Laboratory to Field Settings. , 1987 .

[2]  Herbert J. Walberg,et al.  A National Experiment in Curriculum Evaluation , 1972 .

[3]  B. Fraser Criterion Validity of an Individualised Classroom Environment Questionnaire. , 1980 .

[4]  Gene E. Hall,et al.  Change in Schools: Facilitating the Process. SUNY Series in Educational Leadership. , 1987 .

[5]  E. Emmer,et al.  Teacher Efficacy in Classroom Management and Discipline , 1991 .

[6]  Joseph F. Murphy Educational Reform in the 1980s: Explaining Some Surprising Success , 1989 .

[7]  M. Everett,et al.  The sacred and the profane. , 1992 .

[8]  A. Halpin Manual for the leader behavior description questionnaire , 1957 .

[9]  A. Bandura Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. , 1977, Psychology Review.

[10]  E. A. Locke,et al.  Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980. , 1981 .

[11]  K. Lewin Frontiers in Group Dynamics , 1947 .

[12]  W. Hoy,et al.  Organizational Climate, School Health, and Effectiveness: A Comparative Analysis , 1990 .

[13]  Thomas J. Sergiovanni The Principalship: A Reflective Practice Perspective , 1987 .

[14]  A. Zander,et al.  Resistance to change—its analysis and prevention. , 1950 .

[15]  Richard F. Elmore,et al.  Reform and the Culture of Authority in Schools , 1987 .

[16]  Teacher Evaluation: Improvement, Accountability, and Effective Learning , 1986 .

[17]  J. W. Licata,et al.  Environmental Robustness and School Structure. , 1975 .

[18]  Susy Macqueen,et al.  Validity , 1973, Just Algorithms.

[19]  Johnson,et al.  School Centralization and Organizational Effectiveness: The Role of Teacher Alienation. , 1991 .

[20]  Herbert J. Walberg,et al.  Socio‐psychological Environments and Learning: a quantitative synthesis , 1981 .

[21]  Ronald R. Edmonds Effective Schools for the Urban Poor , 1979 .

[22]  Paul R. Lawrence,et al.  How to Deal with Resistance to Change , 1970 .

[23]  Larry Cuban Reforming Again, Again, and Again , 1990 .

[24]  C. Glickman The Essence of School Renewal: The Prose Has Begun. , 1992 .

[25]  Herbert J. Walberg,et al.  Educational environments and effects : evaluation, policy, and productivity , 1979 .

[26]  D. Medley,et al.  A technique for measuring classroom behavior. , 1958 .

[27]  E. Hanson,et al.  Educational administration and organizational behavior , 1979 .

[28]  E. Glaser Planned Organizational Change , 1986 .

[29]  D. Willower THE SCHOOL AND PUPIL CONTROL IDEOLOGY. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDIES, NUMBER 24. , 1967 .

[30]  A. Bandura Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. , 1982 .

[31]  The OCDQ an Application and Some Implications , 1968 .

[32]  Rudolfo Chávez Chávez The Use of High-Inference Measures To Study Classroom Climates: A Review , 1984 .

[33]  B. Skinner Pigeons in a pelican. , 1960 .

[34]  E. Amidon,et al.  Interaction Analysis: Theory, Research and Application , 1967 .

[35]  C. Anderson The Search for School Climate: A Review of the Research , 1982 .

[36]  D. Ball,et al.  Relations Between Policy and Practice: A Commentary , 1990 .

[37]  Herbert J. Walberg,et al.  Educational environments : evaluation, antecedents and consequences , 1991 .

[38]  C. S. Logan An Exploration of the "Paradoxical" View of Coupling Structure and School Effectiveness. , 1990 .

[39]  M. K. Alderman,et al.  Personal Teaching Efficacy: Developmental Relationships in Education , 1992 .

[40]  George Weber,et al.  Inner-City Children Can Be Taught to Read: Four Successful Schools. CBE Occasional Papers, Number 18. , 1971 .

[41]  Gretchen B. Rossman,et al.  Resistance to Planned Change and the Sacred in School Cultures , 1987 .

[42]  D. Cartwright Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. , 1955 .

[43]  C. Teddlie,et al.  Schools Make a Difference: Lessons Learned from a 10-Year Study of School Effects , 1993 .

[44]  H. Hollingworth Personality a psychological interpretation. , 1938 .

[45]  H. Walberg,et al.  Toward a Knowledge Base for School Learning , 1993 .

[46]  A. Halpin Theory and research in administration. , 1967 .

[47]  Joseph B. Giacquinta,et al.  6: The Process of Organizational Change in Schools , 1973 .

[48]  B. Fraser,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A SCHOOL—LEVEL ENVIRONMENT QUESTIONNAIRE , 1983 .

[49]  Barry J. Fraser,et al.  Individualized Classroom Environment Questionnaire , 1982 .

[50]  H. Dickson Corbett,et al.  School context and school change : implications for effective planning , 1984 .

[51]  Sam Stringfield,et al.  Effective versus Ineffective Schools: Observable Differences in the Classroom , 1989, American Journal of Education.

[52]  C. Teddlie,et al.  Sensitivity to Context: The Past and Future of Effective Schools Research , 1989 .

[53]  Fehr,et al.  Introduction to Personality , 1983 .

[54]  W. Garms,et al.  Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children , 1980 .

[55]  Ronald R. Edmonds Programs of School Improvement: An Overview. , 1982 .

[56]  Cecil G. Miskel,et al.  Organizational Structures and Processes, Perceived School Effectiveness, Loyalty, and Job Satisfaction , 1979 .

[57]  Bruce L. Wilson,et al.  Using Bureaucratic and Cultural Linkages to Improve Instruction: The Principal's Contribution , 1985 .

[58]  Ann Lieberman,et al.  Teachers, their world, and their work: Implications for school improvement , 1984 .

[59]  A. Marriner,et al.  Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources , 1978 .

[60]  B. Fraser,et al.  Assessing and improving school climate , 1988 .

[61]  Herbert J. Walberg,et al.  Evaluating educational performance : a sourcebook of methods, instruments, and examples , 1974 .

[62]  Darrell L. Fisher,et al.  Predicting Students’ Outcomes from Their Perceptions of Classroom Psychosocial Environment , 1982 .

[63]  B. Fraser Learning environment in curriculum evaluation: A review , 1981 .

[64]  Gretchen B. Rossman,et al.  Change and Effectiveness in Schools: A Cultural Perspective@@@Change and Effectiveness in Schools , 1991 .

[65]  David C. Dwyer,et al.  Research on Effective Schools: A Cautionary Note , 1983 .

[66]  B. Fraser,et al.  Use Of Student Perceptions In Facilitating Improvement In Classroom Environment , 1982 .

[67]  Myron H. Dembo,et al.  Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. , 1984 .

[68]  J. W. Getzels,et al.  Social Behavior and the Administrative Process , 1957, The School Review.

[69]  E. Trickett Toward a Social-Ecological Conception of Adolescent Socialization: Normative Data on Contrasting Types of Public School Classrooms , 1978 .

[70]  A. Bandura The self system in reciprocal determinism. , 1978 .

[71]  G. Stern,et al.  People in context : measuring person-environment congruence in education and industry , 1971 .

[72]  R. Waugh,et al.  Teacher Receptivity to System‐wide Change in the Implementation Stage , 1993 .

[73]  Curtis L Ventriss,et al.  Organizational Change: The Role of Organizational Culture and Organizational Learning , 1992 .

[74]  W. Hoy,et al.  Prospective Teachers' Sense of Efficacy and Beliefs about Control. , 1990 .