A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome

[1]  Y. Yamashiro,et al.  Sensitive Quantitative Analysis of the Meconium Bacterial Microbiota in Healthy Term Infants Born Vaginally or by Cesarean Section , 2016, Front. Microbiol..

[2]  M. Blaser,et al.  The Human Microbiome before Birth. , 2016, Cell host & microbe.

[3]  Daniel B. DiGiulio,et al.  A microbial perspective of human developmental biology , 2016, Nature.

[4]  F. Bushman,et al.  Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota , 2016, Microbiome.

[5]  Martin J. Blaser,et al.  Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life , 2016, Science Translational Medicine.

[6]  P. Desai,et al.  Construction of a new shuttle vector for DNA delivery into mammalian cells using non-invasive Lactococcus lactis. , 2016, Microbes and infection.

[7]  S. Salminen,et al.  Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[8]  U. Sauer,et al.  The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development , 2016, Science.

[9]  Amnon Amir,et al.  Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer , 2016, Nature Medicine.

[10]  Z. Pei,et al.  Erratum to: The first microbial environment of infants born by C-section: the operating room microbes , 2016, Microbiome.

[11]  T. van de Wiele,et al.  Characterisation of the human uterine microbiome in non-pregnant women through deep sequencing of the V1-2 region of the 16S rRNA gene , 2016, PeerJ.

[12]  M. Gregas,et al.  Mode of Birth Influences Preterm Infant Intestinal Colonization With Bacteroides Over the Early Neonatal Period , 2015, Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses.

[13]  A. Kozyrskyj,et al.  Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life. , 2015, Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews.

[14]  Tobias Kollmann,et al.  Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma , 2015, Science Translational Medicine.

[15]  E. Dertli,et al.  Characterization of functional properties of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from human gut. , 2015, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[16]  A. L. Seager,et al.  Functional activity but not gene expression of toll-like receptors is decreased in the preterm versus term human placenta. , 2015, Placenta.

[17]  N. Karnani,et al.  Rate of establishing the gut microbiota in infancy has consequences for future health , 2015, Gut microbes.

[18]  G. Hold,et al.  First-Pass Meconium Samples from Healthy Term Vaginally-Delivered Neonates: An Analysis of the Microbiota , 2015, PloS one.

[19]  L. Laghi,et al.  Isolation of Vaginal Lactobacilli and Characterization of Anti-Candida Activity , 2015, PloS one.

[20]  V. Tremaroli,et al.  Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. , 2015, Cell host & microbe.

[21]  M. Rendi,et al.  Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women. , 2015, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[22]  K. Aagaard,et al.  The preterm placental microbiome varies in association with excess maternal gestational weight gain. , 2015, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[23]  M. Herbst-Kralovetz,et al.  Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. , 2015, Human reproduction update.

[24]  V. Dissanayake,et al.  Microbiome of the placenta in pre‐eclampsia supports the role of bacteria in the multifactorial cause of pre‐eclampsia , 2015, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.

[25]  J. Peng,et al.  Bacterial communities in neonatal feces are similar to mothers’ placentae , 2015, The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale.

[26]  M. Dominguez-Bello,et al.  The infant microbiome development: mom matters. , 2015, Trends in molecular medicine.

[27]  T. Wassenaar,et al.  Is a foetus developing in a sterile environment? , 2014, Letters in applied microbiology.

[28]  D. Peebles,et al.  Term and preterm labour are associated with distinct microbial community structures in placental membranes which are independent of mode of delivery. , 2014, Placenta.

[29]  Paul Turner,et al.  Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses , 2014, BMC Biology.

[30]  N. Segata,et al.  Evaluation of bifidobacterial community composition in the human gut by means of a targeted amplicon sequencing (ITS) protocol. , 2014, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[31]  G. H. Gudmundsson,et al.  A review of the innate immune defence of the human foetus and newborn, with the emphasis on antimicrobial peptides , 2014, Acta paediatrica.

[32]  T. Weir,et al.  Diet and the development of the human intestinal microbiome , 2014, Front. Microbiol..

[33]  H. Kliman,et al.  Comment on “The placenta harbors a unique microbiome” , 2014, Science Translational Medicine.

[34]  Taira Kobayashi,et al.  A selective medium for the isolation of Corynebacterium species in oral cavities. , 2014, Journal of microbiological methods.

[35]  A. Prohić,et al.  Distribution of Malassezia species on healthy human skin in Bosnia and Herzegovina: correlation with body part, age and gender , 2014, Iranian journal of microbiology.

[36]  J. Petrosino,et al.  The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome , 2014, Science Translational Medicine.

[37]  Austin G. Davis-Richardson,et al.  Meconium Microbiome Analysis Identifies Bacteria Correlated with Premature Birth , 2014, PloS one.

[38]  T. R. Licht,et al.  Establishment of Intestinal Microbiota during Early Life: a Longitudinal, Explorative Study of a Large Cohort of Danish Infants , 2014, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[39]  D. Fletcher,et al.  Placental Syncytium Forms a Biophysical Barrier against Pathogen Invasion , 2013, PLoS pathogens.

[40]  H. Makino,et al.  Mother-to-Infant Transmission of Intestinal Bifidobacterial Strains Has an Impact on the Early Development of Vaginally Delivered Infant's Microbiota , 2013, PloS one.

[41]  A. Bashir,et al.  Diversified Microbiota of Meconium Is Affected by Maternal Diabetes Status , 2013, PloS one.

[42]  D. Schuppan,et al.  The cultivable human oral gluten-degrading microbiome and its potential implications in coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity. , 2013, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[43]  K. Zimmermann,et al.  Establishment of the intestinal microbiota and its role for atopic dermatitis in early childhood. , 2013, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[44]  S. Bordenstein,et al.  Mom Knows Best: The Universality of Maternal Microbial Transmission , 2013, PLoS biology.

[45]  I. Martínez,et al.  Long-Term Temporal Analysis of the Human Fecal Microbiota Revealed a Stable Core of Dominant Bacterial Species , 2013, PloS one.

[46]  Olivier Disson,et al.  Concepts and mechanisms: crossing host barriers. , 2013, Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine.

[47]  Gilbert GREUB,et al.  Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes , 2013, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[48]  D. Nelson,et al.  Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations. , 2013, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[49]  V. Bhandari,et al.  Comparative Microbial Analysis of Paired Amniotic Fluid and Cord Blood from Pregnancies Complicated by Preterm Birth and Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis , 2013, PloS one.

[50]  A. Moya,et al.  Meconium microbiota types dominated by lactic acid or enteric bacteria are differentially associated with maternal eczema and respiratory problems in infants , 2013, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[51]  R. Bibiloni Rodent models to study the relationships between mammals and their bacterial inhabitants , 2012, Gut microbes.

[52]  S. Salminen,et al.  Probiotics Modulate Host-Microbe Interaction in the Placenta and Fetal Gut: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial , 2012, Neonatology.

[53]  Levi Waldron,et al.  Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples , 2012, Genome Biology.

[54]  Katherine H. Huang,et al.  Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome , 2012, Nature.

[55]  Daniel B. DiGiulio Diversity of microbes in amniotic fluid. , 2012, Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine.

[56]  A. Bakardjiev,et al.  Pathogens and the placental fortress. , 2012, Current opinion in microbiology.

[57]  Daniel B. DiGiulio,et al.  Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age fetuses , 2010, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[58]  Daniel B. DiGiulio,et al.  Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preeclampsia as assessed by cultivation and sequence-based methods , 2010, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[59]  F. Shuaib,et al.  Elevated Levels of IL-10 and G-CSF Associated with Asymptomatic Malaria in Pregnant Women , 2010, Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology.

[60]  B. Larsen,et al.  Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Fresh Look , 2010, Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[61]  Daniel B. DiGiulio,et al.  Prevalence and Diversity of Microbes in the Amniotic Fluid, the Fetal Inflammatory Response, and Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Preterm Pre‐Labor Rupture of Membranes , 2010, American journal of reproductive immunology.

[62]  R. Knight,et al.  Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[63]  S. Fisher,et al.  The placenta: transcriptional, epigenetic, and physiological integration during development. , 2010, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[64]  G. Mor,et al.  REVIEW ARTICLE: The Immune System in Pregnancy: A Unique Complexity , 2010, American journal of reproductive immunology.

[65]  S. Bulgheresi,et al.  A complex journey: transmission of microbial symbionts , 2010, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[66]  M. Muñoz-Fernandez,et al.  Impairment of stimulation ability of very-preterm neonatal monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide. , 2010, Human immunology.

[67]  A. Bakardjiev,et al.  Placental Syncytiotrophoblast Constitutes a Major Barrier to Vertical Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes , 2010, PLoS pathogens.

[68]  S. Sakka,et al.  Activity and DNA contamination of commercial polymerase chain reaction reagents for the universal 16S rDNA real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial pathogens in blood. , 2010, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[69]  D. Theriaque,et al.  Intestinal microbial ecology in premature infants assessed with non-culture-based techniques. , 2010, The Journal of pediatrics.

[70]  S. Mazmanian,et al.  Host-bacterial symbiosis in health and disease. , 2010, Advances in immunology.

[71]  D. Peebles,et al.  Differing Prevalence and Diversity of Bacterial Species in Fetal Membranes from Very Preterm and Term Labor , 2009, PloS one.

[72]  A. L. Seager,et al.  Expression and Activity of Toll-Like Receptors 1–9 in the Human Term Placenta and Changes Associated with Labor at Term , 2009, Biology of reproduction.

[73]  V. Cortese Neonatal Immunology , 2009, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice.

[74]  R. Satokari,et al.  Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus DNA in the human placenta , 2009, Letters in applied microbiology.

[75]  L. Morelli,et al.  Cesarean delivery may affect the early biodiversity of intestinal bacteria. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[76]  Daniel B. DiGiulio,et al.  Microbial Prevalence, Diversity and Abundance in Amniotic Fluid During Preterm Labor: A Molecular and Culture-Based Investigation , 2008, PloS one.

[77]  J. Xaus,et al.  Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? , 2008, Research in microbiology.

[78]  C. Cardwell,et al.  A meta‐analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma , 2008, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[79]  M. Goldacre,et al.  Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies , 2008, Diabetologia.

[80]  R. Štěpánková,et al.  Rearing of germfree rabbits , 2008, Folia Microbiologica.

[81]  S. Salminen,et al.  Mode of Delivery – Effects on Gut Microbiota and Humoral Immunity , 2007, Neonatology.

[82]  J. Zambon,et al.  Identification of oral bacterial species associated with halitosis. , 2007, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[83]  C. Chougnet,et al.  Defective antigen-presenting cell function in human neonates. , 2006, Clinical immunology.

[84]  D. Kafetzis,et al.  Preterm birth due to maternal infection: causative pathogens and modes of prevention , 2006, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[85]  D. Eschenbach,et al.  The role of bacterial vaginosis as a cause of amniotic fluid infection, chorioamnionitis and prematurity — a review , 2006, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

[86]  Marc Lecuit Understanding how Listeria monocytogenes targets and crosses host barriers. , 2005, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[87]  A. Edwards,et al.  Bacteria and Inflammatory Cells in Fetal Membranes Do Not Always Cause Preterm Labor , 2005, Pediatric Research.

[88]  J. Dötsch,et al.  Regulation and Signal Transduction of Toll‐Like Receptors in Human Chorioncarcinoma Cell Lines , 2005, American journal of reproductive immunology.

[89]  O. Küstner Beitrag zur Lehre von der puerperalen Infection der Neugeborenen , 1877, Archiv für Gynäkologie.

[90]  R. Romero,et al.  Divergent Trophoblast Responses to Bacterial Products Mediated by TLRs , 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

[91]  W. D. de Vos,et al.  Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. , 2004, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[92]  P. Hohlfeld,et al.  Mycoplasma hominis in mid-trimester amniotic fluid: relation to pregnancy outcome , 2004, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[93]  J. Zandbank,et al.  An Immunohistochemical Study of the Secretory Immune System in Human Fetal Membranes and Decidua of the First Trimester of Pregnancy , 2003, American journal of reproductive immunology.

[94]  D. Murdoch,et al.  Contamination of Qiagen DNA Extraction Kits with Legionella DNA , 2003, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[95]  J. Jonasson,et al.  Identification of mixed bacterial DNA contamination in broad-range PCR amplification of 16S rDNA V1 and V3 variable regions by pyrosequencing of cloned amplicons. , 2003, FEMS microbiology letters.

[96]  R. Romero,et al.  Antimicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid: defensins, calprotectin and bacterial/permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes , 2003, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.

[97]  R. V. van Elburg,et al.  Intestinal permeability in relation to birth weight and gestational and postnatal age , 2003, Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.

[98]  E. Claas,et al.  Qiagen DNA Extraction Kits for Sample Preparation for Legionella PCR Are Not Suitable for Diagnostic Purposes , 2002, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[99]  I. Zusman,et al.  The secretory immune system as part of the placental barrier in the second trimester of pregnancy in humans. , 2001, In vivo.

[100]  M. Vidaud,et al.  Characterization of Human Villous and Extravillous Trophoblasts Isolated from First Trimester Placenta , 2001, Laboratory Investigation.

[101]  E. Zoetendal,et al.  DNA isolation protocols affect the detection limit of PCR approaches of bacteria in samples from the human gastrointestinal tract. , 2001, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[102]  Mark A. Suckow,et al.  The laboratory mouse , 2000 .

[103]  R. Romero,et al.  Lactoferrin in intrauterine infection, human parturition, and rupture of fetal membranes. , 2000, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[104]  W. Sanger,et al.  Ureaplasma/Mycoplasma-Infected Amniotic Fluid: Pregnancy Outcome in Treated and Nontreated Patients , 1999, Journal of Perinatology.

[105]  P. Greig The diagnosis of intrauterine infection in women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). , 1998, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[106]  A. Ovalle,et al.  HISTOPATOLOGIA DE LA PLACENTA EN LA ROTURA PREMATURA DE MEMBRANAS DE PRETERMINO. RELACION CON LA MICROBIOLOGIA AISLADA Y CON LOS RESULTADOS MATERNONEONATALES. , 1998 .

[107]  Norman R. Pace,et al.  Specific Ribosomal DNA Sequences from Diverse Environmental Settings Correlate with Experimental Contaminants , 1998, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[108]  R. Gomez,et al.  [Placental histopathology in premature rupture of membranes. Its relationship with microbiological findings, maternal, and neonatal outcome]. , 1998, Revista medica de Chile.

[109]  G. Burton,et al.  The Structure of the Human Placenta: Implications for Initiating and Defending Against Virus Infections , 1997, Reviews in medical virology.

[110]  R. Romero,et al.  Infection of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum in the midtrimester of pregnancy. , 1995, The Journal of reproductive medicine.

[111]  Hoskins Jd,et al.  Germfree technique for the rearing of kittens--a research tool. , 1991 .

[112]  W. Maszkiewicz,et al.  Results of histological examinations of afterbirth and other parameters of threatening infection in newborns at high risk of infection. , 1991, Materia medica Polona. Polish journal of medicine and pharmacy.

[113]  A. M. Fletcher,et al.  Germfree technique for the rearing of kittens--a research tool. , 1991, The Cornell veterinarian.

[114]  H. Heinecke [The origins of the gnotobiotic technic--Küster/Nuttall/Schottelius/ Thierfelder]. , 1990, Zeitschrift fur Versuchstierkunde.

[115]  T. Escherich The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed infant. 1884. , 1988, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[116]  J. Trávníček,et al.  Germ-free newborn baby. , 1987, Die Nahrung.

[117]  K. Holmes,et al.  Preterm labor associated with subclinical amniotic fluid infection and with bacterial vaginosis. , 1986, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[118]  F. Kraus,et al.  Subchorionic fibrin cultures for bacteriologic study of the placenta. , 1984, American journal of clinical pathology.

[119]  K. Waites,et al.  Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from amniotic fluid at 16-20 weeks of gestation: potential effect on outcome of pregnancy. , 1983, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[120]  C. Nord,et al.  Premature rupture of the membranes and ascending infection , 1982, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[121]  V. Rotimi,et al.  The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates. , 1981, Journal of medical microbiology.

[122]  S. Krakowka,et al.  Revised surgical procedure for the derivation of gnotobiotic dogs. , 1981, American journal of veterinary research.

[123]  C. Lin Immunoelectron microscopy localization of immunoglobulin G in human placenta. , 1980, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[124]  G. T. Moore,et al.  Rearing of Conventional and Gnotobiotic Nonhuman Primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio cynocephalus, Saguinus nigricollis) 1 , 1979, Journal of medical primatology.

[125]  S. Kelkar,et al.  Bacterial flora of meconium and faeces during the first year of life , 1979, Indian journal of pediatrics.

[126]  P. Trexler A rationale for the development of gnotobiotics , 1978, Laboratory animals.

[127]  W. Heine Operating procedures, equipment and housing facilities to maintain small laboratory animals under SPF conditions in large breeding colonies and in experiments. , 1978, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.

[128]  A. Mastromarino,et al.  Gnotobiotic human infants. , 1977, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[129]  J. Natvig,et al.  Immunological studies of human placentae: the distribution and character of immunoglobulins in chorionic villi. , 1977, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[130]  C. Dardillat,et al.  Techniques for obtaining, fistulization and rearing of axenic or gnotoxenic lambs, kids and calves. , 1977, Annales de recherches veterinaires. Annals of veterinary research.

[131]  P. Johnson,et al.  Evaluation of amniotic fluid for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. , 1976, American journal of clinical pathology.

[132]  M. Smith,et al.  CORYNEBACTERIUM PARVUM AND ANÆSTHETICS , 1975, The Lancet.

[133]  R. Merton,et al.  The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations , 1973 .

[134]  G. Malkasian,et al.  Microbial Flora Found in the Products of Conception in Spontaneous Abortions , 1974, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[135]  J. Montgomery,et al.  Germ-free delivery. The initiation of management of infants with a high probability of congenital immune deficiency states. , 1973, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[136]  C. Prevedourakis,et al.  Bacterial Invasion of Amniotic Cavity During Pregnancy and Labor , 1971, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[137]  C. Prevedourakis,et al.  Isolation of pathogenic bacteria in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy and labor. , 1970, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[138]  Kenneth A. Khoury,et al.  SMALL INTESTINAL MUCOSAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND BACTERIAL FLORA IN THE CONVENTIONALIZATION OF THE GERMFREE MOUSE , 1969, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[139]  R. Barnes,et al.  Care and observation of a germ-free neonate. , 1969, Archives of disease in childhood.

[140]  F. Fekety,et al.  Microorganisms and Amniotic Fluid , 1969, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[141]  J. Holliday,et al.  A germfree infant. , 1969, Lancet.

[142]  J. Holliday,et al.  A TECHNIQUE FOR THE DELIVERY OF A GERMFREE CHILD , 1968, The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth.

[143]  H. I. Pilgrim,et al.  Foster nursing of germfree mice. , 1968, Laboratory animal care.

[144]  Whitehair Ck,et al.  Technique for rearing gnotobiotic pigs. , 1966 .

[145]  D. Schmidt,et al.  Technique for rearing gnotobiotic pigs. , 1966, American journal of veterinary research.

[146]  K. Popper,et al.  Conjectures and refutations;: The growth of scientific knowledge , 1972 .

[147]  P. Stroup Amniotic Fluid Infection and the Intact Fetal Membrane , 1962, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[148]  Landy Jj,et al.  Germfree guinea pig delivery by hysterectomy. , 1960 .

[149]  J. J. Landy,et al.  Germfree guinea pig delivery by hysterectomy. , 1960, Surgical forum.

[150]  J. Reyniers,et al.  THE USE OF GERMFREE ANIMALS AND TECHNIQUES IN THE SEARCH FOR UNKNOWN ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS , 1958, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[151]  J. Reyniers,et al.  Rearing germ-free albino rats. , 1946, Lobund reports.

[152]  B. Gustafsson Germ-free rearing of rats. , 1946, Acta anatomica.

[153]  I. C. Hall,et al.  BACTERIAL FLORA OF FIRST SPECIMENS OF MECONIUM PASSED BY FIFTY NEW-BORN INFANTS , 1934 .

[154]  J. Brown,et al.  The bacterial content of the uterus at cesarean section. II , 1927 .

[155]  A. I. Kendall REECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTESTINAL BACTERIOLOGY , 1918 .