INVESTIGATION OF DRIVING BEHAVIOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MANUAL AND VOICE-ACTIVATED PHONE-DIALING IN A REAL-WORLD ENVIRONMENT
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This research effort examined the effects of three different types of cell-phone dialing on driving behavior: discrete 10-digit phone dialing using a hands-free, voice-activated system; continuous 10-digit phone dialing using a hands-free, voice-activated system; and manual 10-digit phone dialing using a cell-phone held in a cradle. The driving behavior of the three dialing tasks was compared to normal driving. Thirty-six participants, divided into two age groups (i.e., 18-34 years and 45-65 years, 18 participants per group), drove an instrumented vehicle on an interstate freeway and were allowed to perform tasks when they felt comfortable. The dependent measurements that were analyzed included task completion time, average speed, percent of time out of the lane, and percent of glance time to several locations (e.g., forward roadway, mirrors). The results of the driving performance did not result in any differences in terms of average speed and lane maintenance, although the optimal placement of the hand-held cell phone may have influenced this finding. The results of the glance analysis suggest that glance patterns during hands-free, voice-activated dialing and baseline driving are similar, while manual dialing of a cell-phone resulted in a significant decrease in both forward and peripheral glances, as well as glances toward the speedometer.