Behavior persistence in defining threshold switch in stepwise response of aquatic organisms exposed to toxic chemicals.

As a characteristic in bacterial colony, persistence model described the dynamics of two subpopulations (normal (n) and persister (p)). In order to illustrate the switch of "Threshold" in the stepwise behavior responses of organisms, it is hypothesized that total behavior (Bt) of organisms consists of two types in behavior tendency, intoxication (Bp) and normal/recovery behavior (Bn). Both Bp and Bn could be concurrently affected by environmental stress E, and behavior response modes (M) are decided by the relationship between E and toxicity threshold of test organisms (Ti). The results suggested stress constant λ was decided by the constant rates gnE,gpE, an and ap. Due to different stress constant λ, the behavior responses of indicators showed great difference in different M, which included 'safe mode' (Ms), 'acclimation mode' (Mac), 'adjustment mode' (Maj) and 'toxic effect' (Mte). Usually, Bt during Ms could maintain around 0.8, and Mte would happen once it is lower than 0.2. According to the relationship between Bt values and E changes in 7 Majs, behavior persistence relying on adjustment could reflect the behavior homeostasis of organisms under environmental stress and be regarded as a threshold switch for the stepwise behavior responses. The mathematical analysis of behavior persistence allows making a quantitative prediction on environment assessment that would promote the emergence of persistence, as well as evaluating its ecological implications.

[1]  J. Bigger.  The bactericidal action of penicillin on Staphylococcus pyogenes , 1944 .

[2]  W. Takken,et al.  Open Access RESEARCH , 2010 .

[3]  N. Balaban,et al.  The importance of being persistent: heterogeneity of bacterial populations under antibiotic stress. , 2009, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[4]  Wen-hong Li,et al.  LAMP, a new imaging assay of gap junctional communication unveils that Ca2+ influx inhibits cell coupling , 2005, Nature Methods.

[5]  R. E. Kalman,et al.  A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems , 2002 .

[6]  P. Colgan.  Motivational Analysis of Fish Feeding , 1973 .

[7]  Mei Ma,et al.  The Avoidance Responses of Daphnia magna to the Exposure of Organophosphorus Pesticides in an On-Line Biomonitoring System , 2009 .

[8]  B. Mueller‐Roeber,et al.  ROS homeostasis during development: an evolutionary conserved strategy , 2012, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[9]  K. Lewis,et al.  Programmed Death in Bacteria , 2000, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[10]  J. B. Sprague.  Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish I. Bioassay methods for acute toxicity , 1969 .

[11]  C. Vieira,et al.  Performance of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Triose Phosphate Isomerase Genes in the Analysis of Genotypic Variability of Isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Livestocks , 2013, BioMed research international.

[12]  V. Jormalainen,et al.  Genotypic variation in tolerance and resistance to fouling in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus , 2005, Oecologia.

[13]  Peter D Gibbons,et al.  A novel drug for uncomplicated malaria: targeted high throughput screening (HTS) against the type II NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (PfNdh2) of Plasmodium falciparum , 2010, Malaria Journal.

[14]  Tae-Soo Chon,et al.  Evidence for the Stepwise Behavioral Response Model (SBRM): the effects of Carbamate Pesticides on medaka (Oryzias latipes) in an online monitoring system. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[15]  A new threshold dose‐response model including random effects for data from developmental toxicity studies , 2005, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[16]  Young-Seuk Park,et al.  Activity of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae), at Different Microhabitats in Semi-natural Conditions when Treated with Sublethal Doses of Chlorpyrifos and Permethrin* , 1998 .

[17]  J. Bigger.  TREATMENT OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS WITH PENICILLIN BY INTERMITTENT STERILISATION , 1944 .

[18]  G. Hobby,et al.  Observations on the Mechanism of Action of Penicillin.∗ , 1942 .

[19]  M. Mueckler,et al.  Homeostasis without a GLUT , 1995, Nature.

[20]  Zongming Ren,et al.  The Stepwise Behavioral Responses: Behavioral Adjustment of the Chinese Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) in the Exposure of Carbamate Pesticides , 2013, BioMed research international.

[21]  M. Fuzzen,et al.  Stress and Reproduction , 2011 .

[22]  Ross Stagner,et al.  Homeostasis, discrepancy, dissonance , 1977 .

[23]  I. Clarke,et al.  Stress and Reproduction in Farm-Animals , 1992 .

[24]  M. Bertrand,et al.  Strategies developed by the marine bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens BA3SM1 to resist metals: A proteome analysis. , 2013, Aquatic toxicology.

[25]  S. Leibler,et al.  Bacterial Persistence as a Phenotypic Switch , 2004, Science.

[26]  Mohinder S. Grewal,et al.  Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Using MATLAB , 2001 .

[27]  D. Roff,et al.  Bet hedging and the diapause strategies of the cricket Allonemobius fasciatus , 1993 .

[28]  Mei Ma,et al.  The early warning of aquatic organophosphorus pesticide contamination by on-line monitoring behavioral changes of Daphnia magna , 2007, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[29]  G. Chrousos,et al.  The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. , 1992, JAMA.

[30]  O. Geffard,et al.  Acetylcholinesterase activity in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea Amphipoda): linking AChE inhibition and behavioural alteration. , 2009, Aquatic toxicology.

[31]  J. Bidwell,et al.  Cholinesterase inhibition and impacts on behavior of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, after exposure to an organophosphate insecticide. , 2006, Aquatic toxicology.

[32]  P. García-Encina,et al.  Dose–response behavior of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri exposed to pharmaceuticals and personal care products , 2015, Ecotoxicology.

[33]  Masahumi Kawaguchi,et al.  Nervous system disruption and concomitant behavioral abnormality in early hatched pufferfish larvae exposed to heavy oil , 2012, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[34]  Floyd E Romesberg,et al.  Combating bacteria and drug resistance by inhibiting mechanisms of persistence and adaptation , 2007, Nature Chemical Biology.

[35]  S. Leibler,et al.  Bacterial Persistence , 2005, Genetics.

[36]  Rongshu Fu.  AChE inhibition: One dominant factor for swimming behavior changes of Daphnia magna under DDVP exposure , 2015 .

[37]  J. L. Roux.  An Introduction to the Kalman Filter , 2003 .

[38]  Hui Xiong,et al.  Early Warning , 1964, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[39]  R. Smith,et al.  Ecology and Field Biology , 1966 .

[40]  T. Chon,et al.  Persistence Parameter: a Reliable Measurement for Behavioral Responses of Medaka (Oryzias latipes) to Environmental Stress , 2015, Environmental Modeling & Assessment.

[41]  H. Selye.  The evolution of the stress concept. , 1973, American scientist.

[42]  R. Hickey,et al.  Behavioral Regulation of Physiological Homeostasis: Smoking, Pollution and Health , 1973, Naturwissenschaften.

[43]  Zongming Ren,et al.  Differences in the behavior characteristics between Daphnia magna and Japanese madaka in an on-line biomonitoring system. , 2010, Journal of environmental sciences.

[44]  Mei Ma,et al.  Behavioral Responses of Daphnia Magna to Stresses of Chemicals with Different Toxic Characteristics , 2009, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[45]  Greg Welch,et al.  An Introduction to Kalman Filter , 1995, SIGGRAPH 2001.

[46]  I. Davies,et al.  Threshold toxicity and repeated exposure studies of dichlorvos to the larvae of the common lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) , 1996 .

[47]  Colin R. Janssen,et al.  Influence of multigeneration acclimation to copper on tolerance, energy reserves, and homeostasis of Daphnia magna Straus , 2004, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[48]  R. Selleck,et al.  A kinetic model of fish toxicity threshold. , 1969, Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation.

[49]  Graham R. Stewart,et al.  Tuberculosis: a problem with persistence , 2003, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[50]  H Selye,et al.  The evolution of the stress concept. Stress and cardiovascular disease. , 1970, The American journal of cardiology.

[51]  T. Başar,et al.  A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems , 2001 .

[52]  Zongming Ren,et al.  Influences of Temperature, pH and Turbidity on the Behavioral Responses of Daphnia magna and Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) in the Biomonitor , 2012 .

[53]  Lei Wang,et al.  Characterizing response behavior of medaka (Oryzias latipes) under chemical stress based on self-organizing map and filtering by integration , 2015, Ecol. Informatics.