Cardanol-Derived Epoxy Resins as Biobased Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Potassium-Ion Conduction

In this study, biobased gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) membranes were developed via the esterification reaction of a cardanol-based epoxy resin with glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, and hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the optimal curing time and temperature of the formulations, evidencing a process activation energy of ∼65–70 kJ mol–1. A rubbery plateau modulus of 0.65–0.78 MPa and a crosslinking density of 2 × 10–4 mol cm–3 were found through dynamic mechanical analysis. Based on these characteristics, such biobased membranes were tested for applicability as GPEs for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), showing an excellent electrochemical stability toward potassium metal in the −0.2–5 V voltage range and suitable ionic conductivity (10–3 S cm–1) at room temperature. This study demonstrates the practical viability of these biobased materials as efficient GPEs for the fabrication of KIBs, paving the path to increased sustainability in the field of next-generation battery technologies.

[1]  S. Reddy,et al.  Influence of succinonitrile plasticizer on ionic conductivity, structural and dielectric properties of potassium-based PEO/PVdF blend polymer electrolyte , 2022, Journal of Polymer Research.

[2]  Zhaobin Tang,et al.  Facile synthesis of bio-based latent curing agent and its high-Tg epoxy network , 2021, European Polymer Journal.

[3]  Jiang Zhou,et al.  Prospects of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes for Practical Potassium‐Based Batteries , 2021, Small methods.

[4]  Xuning Feng,et al.  Turning waste into wealth: A systematic review on echelon utilization and material recycling of retired lithium-ion batteries , 2021 .

[5]  Wenyi Yan,et al.  Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of green chemistry , 2021, Green Chemistry.

[6]  D. Castelvecchi.  Electric cars and batteries: how will the world produce enough? , 2021, Nature.

[7]  A. Cao,et al.  High‐Performance Cathode Materials for Potassium‐Ion Batteries: Structural Design and Electrochemical Properties , 2021, Advanced materials.

[8]  Jeff Sakamoto,et al.  Transitioning solid-state batteries from lab to market: Linking electro-chemo-mechanics with practical considerations , 2021 .

[9]  F. Bella,et al.  Lignin-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Sustainable Aqueous Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells , 2021, ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering.

[10]  L. Mai,et al.  Comprehensive Insights into Electrolytes and Solid Electrolyte Interfaces in Potassium-Ion Batteries , 2021 .

[11]  Fan Zhang,et al.  Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium/Potassium-Ion Batteries. , 2021, Small.

[12]  Hun‐Gi Jung,et al.  State-of-the-art anodes of potassium-ion batteries: synthesis, chemistry, and applications , 2021, Chemical science.

[13]  F. Bella,et al.  Nanosponge-Based Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Safer Li-O2 Batteries , 2021, Polymers.

[14]  Jun Lu,et al.  Challenges and future perspectives on sodium and potassium ion batteries for grid-scale energy storage , 2021 .

[15]  Z. Shen,et al.  Energy storage mechanisms of anode materials for potassium ion batteries , 2021 .

[16]  Jang‐Yeon Hwang,et al.  Recent Progress in Electrolyte Development and Design Strategies for Next‐Generation Potassium‐Ion Batteries , 2021 .

[17]  Jun Chen,et al.  Developing better ester- and ether-based electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries† , 2021, Chemical science.

[18]  Xiongwei Wu,et al.  Recent advancements of functional gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium–metal batteries , 2021 .

[19]  K. Kubota,et al.  KFSA/glyme electrolytes for 4 V-class K-ion batteries , 2020, Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

[20]  M. Xiao,et al.  Nonflammable organic electrolytes for high-safety lithium-ion batteries , 2020 .

[21]  Jiayan Luo,et al.  The Features and Progress of Electrolyte for Potassium Ion Batteries. , 2020, Small.

[22]  Yufeng Ma,et al.  Progress in development of epoxy resin systems based on biomass resources , 2020 .

[23]  F. Bella,et al.  Poly(glycidyl ether)s recycling from industrial waste and feasibility study of reuse as electrolytes in sodium-based batteries , 2020 .

[24]  M. S. Su’ait,et al.  Bio-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices: Insight into the Ionic Conductivity Performance , 2020, Materials.

[25]  Xiaoping Yang,et al.  Ultraviolet irradiated PEO/LATP composite gel polymer electrolytes for lithium-metallic batteries (LMBs) , 2019, Applied Surface Science.

[26]  Chunmei Li,et al.  Quasi-solid-state electrolytes for lithium sulfur batteries: Advances and perspectives , 2019, Journal of Power Sources.

[27]  H. Ehrenberg,et al.  A Crosslinked Polyethyleneglycol Solid Electrolyte Dissolving Lithium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2019, ChemSusChem.

[28]  Tapabrata Dam,et al.  Ion dynamics, rheology and electrochemical performance of UV cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte for Li-ion battery , 2019, Journal of Applied Physics.

[29]  Shenglin Xiong,et al.  Safe all-solid-state potassium batteries with three dimentional, flexible and binder-free metal sulfide array electrode , 2019, Journal of Power Sources.

[30]  Jong‐Chan Lee,et al.  Gel Polymer Electrolytes Based on Polymerizable Lithium Salt and Poly(ethylene glycol) for Lithium Battery Applications. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[31]  Bit Na Choi,et al.  Effect of morphological change of copper-oxide fillers on the performance of solid polymer electrolytes for lithium-metal polymer batteries , 2019, RSC advances.

[32]  M. Busse,et al.  Correlation of Mechanical and Electrical Behavior of Polyethylene Oxide-Based Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid State Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2019, Batteries.

[33]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Curing kinetics of bio-based epoxy resin-toughened DGEBA epoxy resin blend , 2019, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.

[34]  Yan Yu,et al.  Progress of enhancing the safety of lithium ion battery from the electrolyte aspect , 2019, Nano Energy.

[35]  K. Lu,et al.  High rate and stable symmetric potassium ion batteries fabricated with flexible electrodes and solid-state electrolytes. , 2018, Nanoscale.

[36]  Shenglin Xiong,et al.  Stable all-solid-state potassium battery operating at room temperature with a composite polymer electrolyte and a sustainable organic cathode , 2018, Journal of Power Sources.

[37]  É. Grau,et al.  Divanillin-Based Epoxy Precursors as DGEBA Substitutes for Biobased Epoxy Thermosets , 2018, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[38]  N. Chen,et al.  A High-Performance and Durable Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Composite Solid Electrolyte for All Solid-State Lithium Battery , 2018 .

[39]  W. Zhong,et al.  A Biobased Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Functions of Lithium Dendrites Suppressing and Manganese Ions Trapping , 2018 .

[40]  S. Tsai,et al.  A Study on Curing Kinetics of Nano-Phase Modified Epoxy Resin , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[41]  V. Placet,et al.  Design and synthesis of biobased epoxy thermosets from biorenewable resources , 2017 .

[42]  J. Gérard,et al.  Development of Sustainable Thermosets from Cardanol-based Epoxy Prepolymer and Ionic Liquids , 2017 .

[43]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Study of curing kinetics of anhydride cured petroleum-based (DGEBA) epoxy resin and renewable resource based epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) systems catalyzed by 2-methylimidazole , 2017 .

[44]  M. Badiger,et al.  Flexible epoxy novolac coatings: Use of cardanol‐based flexibilizers , 2017 .

[45]  S. Caillol,et al.  Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials , 2017, Molecules.

[46]  Chun-peng Wang,et al.  Study on the synthesis of bio-based epoxy curing agent derived from myrcene and castor oil and the properties of the cured products , 2017 .

[47]  Ling Zhao,et al.  Curing kinetics of bio‐based epoxy resin based on epoxidized soybean oil and green curing agent , 2017 .

[48]  G. Palmese,et al.  Recent advances in bio‐based epoxy resins and bio‐based epoxy curing agents , 2016 .

[49]  G. Spadaro,et al.  Water diffusion and swelling stresses in highly crosslinked epoxy matrices , 2016 .

[50]  S. Caillol,et al.  Improved cardanol derived epoxy coatings , 2016 .

[51]  K. Adekunle.  A Review of Vegetable Oil-Based Polymers: Synthesis and Applications , 2015 .

[52]  Federico Bella,et al.  Effect of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salt-doped UV-cured glycidyl methacrylate , 2015, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[53]  Z. Petrović,et al.  Functionalized vegetable oils as precursors for polymers by thiol-ene reaction , 2015 .

[54]  M. Chiari,et al.  Rheological and mechanical behavior of polyacrylamide hydrogels chemically crosslinked with allyl agarose for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. , 2014, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[55]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of bio-based epoxy blends from renewable resource based epoxidized soybean oil as reactive diluent , 2014, Chinese Journal of Polymer Science.

[56]  Bernard Boutevin,et al.  New biobased epoxy materials from cardanol , 2014 .

[57]  K. Nagai,et al.  Preparation and characterization of cardanol‐based epoxy resin for coating at room temperature curing , 2013 .

[58]  Li Yang,et al.  Synthesis and properties of methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride‐cured fluorinated epoxy resin 2,2‐bisphenol hexafluoropropane diglycidyl ether , 2013 .

[59]  M. I. Aranguren,et al.  A short review on novel biocomposites based on plant oil precursors , 2013 .

[60]  V. Cádiz,et al.  Monomers and polymers from plant oils via click chemistry reactions , 2013 .

[61]  Jean-Pierre Habas,et al.  A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol‐ene reaction to the study of the final material , 2011 .

[62]  V. Krongauz.  Diffusion in polymers dependence on crosslink density , 2010 .

[63]  Paul Anastas,et al.  Green chemistry: principles and practice. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[64]  Patricia Krawczak,et al.  Thermosetting (bio)materials derived from renewable resources: A critical review , 2010 .

[65]  J. Pascault,et al.  Epoxy polymers : new materials and innovations , 2010 .

[66]  Xiaoqing Liu,et al.  Rosin-based acid anhydrides as alternatives to petrochemical curing agents , 2009 .

[67]  Ulrich S Schubert,et al.  Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science. , 2007, Chemical Society reviews.

[68]  A. Yousefi,et al.  Rheological determination of the swollen gel strength of superabsorbent polymer hydrogels , 2006 .

[69]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Thermal and mechanical properties of tetrafunctional epoxy resin toughened with epoxidized soybean oil , 2004 .

[70]  F. Boey,et al.  Experimental modeling of the cure kinetics of an epoxy-hexaanhydro-4-methylphthalicanhydride (MHHPA) system , 2000 .

[71]  J. Málek,et al.  Effect of the crosslinking degree on curing kinetics of an epoxy–anhydride system , 1995 .

[72]  Michel Armand,et al.  The history of polymer electrolytes , 1994 .

[73]  R. G. Patel,et al.  Effect of the anhydride structure on the curing kinetics and thermal stability of tetrafunctional epoxy resin , 1992 .

[74]  Ranjan G. Patel,et al.  Effects of reactive diluent diepoxidized cardanol and epoxy fortifier on curing kinetics of epoxy resin , 1989 .

[75]  T. Ozawa.  A New Method of Analyzing Thermogravimetric Data , 1965 .

[76]  H. E. Kissinger.  Reaction Kinetics in Differential Thermal Analysis , 1957 .