Analysis of position based watermarking

This paper extends the position based watermarking (PBW) technique introduced by Borges and Mayer (Position based watermarkings, 2003) and provides a detailed performance analysis considering additive white Gaussian noise and collusion attacks. We significantly improve the tradeoff between fidelity and robustness of our previous research on this subject by exploiting the informed embedding and informed coding paradigms. In contrast to traditional watermarking approaches such as least significant bit embedding, spread spectrum modulation and dirty paper codes, the content of the embedded watermark blocks do not need to carry information. Our unique approach maps the information according to specific locations in the image where we embed small watermark blocks. We provide theoretical analyses and experimental results to compare with the performance of the spread spectrum technique. These analyses and experiments confirm our superior tradeoff between robustness and transparency and also show the superior robustness of PBW to collusion attacks.

[1]  Mauro Barni,et al.  Watermarking Systems Engineering: Enabling Digital Assets Security and Other Applications , 2007 .

[2]  Mauro Barni,et al.  Copyright protection of digital images by embedded unperceivable marks , 1998, Image Vis. Comput..

[3]  Ton Kalker,et al.  Exploiting shift invariance to obtain a high payload in digital image watermarking , 1999, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems.

[4]  Stefan Winkler,et al.  A vision-based masking model for spread-spectrum image watermarking , 2002, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[5]  Min Wu,et al.  Collusion-resistant fingerprinting for multimedia , 2004 .

[6]  Paulo Vinicius Koerich Borges,et al.  Informed position based watermarking , 2004, Proceedings. 17th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing.

[7]  Henrique S. Malvar,et al.  Improved spread spectrum: a new modulation technique for robust watermarking , 2003, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[8]  Mauro Barni,et al.  From watermark detection to watermark decoding: a PPM approach , 2001, Signal Process..

[9]  G. C. Langelaar,et al.  Watermarking digital image and video data , 2000 .

[10]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Dirty-paper trellis codes for watermarking , 2002, Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing.

[11]  Iwan Setyawan,et al.  Watermarking digital image and video data. A state-of-the-art overview , 2000 .

[12]  Paulo Vinicius Koerich Borges,et al.  Informed positional embedding for multi-bit watermarking , 2005, Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005..

[13]  Hsueh-Ming Hang,et al.  A feature-based robust digital image watermarking scheme , 2003, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[14]  Matthew L. Miller.  Watermarking with dirty paper codes , 2001, Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.01CH37205).

[15]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Watermarking as communications with side information , 1999, Proc. IEEE.

[16]  Wayne L. Winston.  Introduction to Mathematical Programming: Applications and Algorithms , 1990 .

[17]  Bernard Sklar,et al.  Digital communications , 1987 .

[18]  Jialing Liu,et al.  Writing on Dirty Paper with Feedback , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control.

[19]  José Carlos M. Bermudez,et al.  Multi-bit informed embedding watermarking with constant robustness , 2005, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005.

[20]  Mauro Barni,et al.  Improved wavelet-based watermarking through pixel-wise masking , 2001, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[21]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Applying informed coding and embedding to design a robust high-capacity watermark , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[22]  Min Wu,et al.  Collusion-resistant multimedia fingerprinting: a unified framework , 2004, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[23]  Joceli Mayer,et al.  Efficient informed embedding of multi-bit watermark , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[24]  P. Borges,et al.  Position based watermarking , 2003, 3rd International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2003. ISPA 2003. Proceedings of the.

[25]  Ioannis Pitas,et al.  Region-based image watermarking , 2001, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[26]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  8 – Robust Watermarking , 2002 .

[27]  Andrew B. Watson,et al.  DCT quantization matrices visually optimized for individual images , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[28]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Quantization index modulation: A class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding , 2001, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[29]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Digital Watermarking , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[30]  Deepa Kundur,et al.  Analysis and design of watermarking algorithms for improved resistance to compression , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.