Toward A Theory of Design Critiquing

............................................................................................................. 16
 1.
 Introduction................................................................................................ 18
 1.1.
 Definitions of Terms....................................................................................................22
 1.1.1.
Critiquing Methods and Conditions ............................................................................. 22
 1.2.
 Motivations ..................................................................................................................23
 1.2.1.
Lack of Understanding of Design Critiquing................................................................ 23
 1.2.2.
Limitations of Computer-based Design Critiquing Systems........................................ 24
 1.3.
 Research Scope ............................................................................................................25
 6 1.4.
 Approach and Contributions .......................................................................................27
 1.5.
 Guide to the Dissertation.............................................................................................28
 2.
 Computer-based Design Critiquing Systems ............................................29
 2.1.
 Critiquing Process........................................................................................................ 31
 2.2.
 Rules.............................................................................................................................32
 2.2.1.
Forms of Rules............................................................................................................ 32
 2.2.2.
Completeness of Knowledge (Comparative and Analytic Critiquing).......................... 35
 2.2.3.
Rule Management....................................................................................................... 37
 2.2.4.
End User Rule Authoring ............................................................................................ 41
 2.3.
 Intervention Techniques..............................................................................................42
 2.3.1.
Timing ......................................................................................................................... 43
 2.3.2.
Activation..................................................................................................................... 44
 2.3.3.
Delivery Types ............................................................................................................ 45
 2.3.4.
Communication Modalities .......................................................................................... 49
 2.4.
 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 51
 3.
 A Framework for Critiquing Practice in Design Studio ............................54
 3.1.
 A Process Model of Critiquing ....................................................................................55
 3.2.
 Fundamental Factors for Context-sensitive Critiquing...............................................57
 3.2.1.
Critiquing Settings ....................................................................................................... 58
 3.2.1.1.
 Desk Crit(iques) ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
 3.2.1.2.
 Group Crit ............................................................................................................................................................... 59
 3.2.1.3.
 Interim Review........................................................................................................................................................ 59
 3.2.1.4.
 Formal (Final) Review ........................................................................................................................................... 60
 3.2.1.5.
 Informal Interaction............................................................................................................................................... 62
 7 3.2.2.
Teacher-student Relationships ................................................................................... 63
 3.2.2.1.
 Master and Apprentice .......................................................................................................................................... 63
 3.2.2.2.
 User and Designer .................................................................................................................................................. 65
 3.2.2.3.
 Peer Critiquing ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
 3.2.3.
Communication Modalities .......................................................................................... 66
 3.2.3.1.
 Speech ...................................................................................................................................................................... 66
 3.2.3.2.
 Written Comments................................................................................................................................................. 67
 3.2.3.3.
 Drawing: Graphic Annotation and Image.......................................................................................................... 67
 3.2.3.4.
 Gesture ..................................................................................................................................................................... 67
 3.2.3.5.
 Combining Modalities............................................................................................................................................ 68
 3.2.4.
Delivery Types ............................................................................................................ 68
 3.2.5.
Delivery ....................................................................................................................... 69
 3.2.6.
Critiquing Phases ........................................................................................................ 70
 3.2.7.
 Individual Differences.................................................................................................. 71
 3.2.7.1.
 Learning Style.......................................................................................................................................................... 71
 3.2.7.2.
 Spatial Ability .......................................................................................................................................................... 72
 3.2.7.3.
 Gender, Race, and Culture .................................................................................................................................... 73
 3.2.8.
Students’ Knowledge and Experience ........................................................................ 74
 3.2.9.
Students’ Response Types ......................................................................................... 74
 3.2.10.
 Design Artifacts and Learning Goals ........................................................................ 75
 3.3.
 Summary: A Framework of Critiquing Practice ..........................................................75
 4.
 Intelligent Tutoring Systems......................................................................80
 4.1.
 ITS System Architecture .............................................................................................. 81
 4.2.
 Two Main Approaches of Intelligent Tutoring Systems.............................................83
 4.2.1.
Model Tracing Tutors .................................................................................................. 83
 8 4.2.2.
Constraint-based Tutors.............................................................................................. 85
 4.2.3.
Constraint-based Tutors for Design Critiquing ............................................................ 86
 4.3.
 Summary ......................................................................................................................88
 5.
 The Furniture Design Critic.......................................................................89
 5.1.
 The Program: Why a Computational Model?..............................................................89
 5.2.
 The domain: Flat-pack Furniture Design ...................................................................90
 5.3.
 The “5x3” critiquing model: Delivery Types and Communication Modalities..........93
 5.4.
 An Example from Real Life: Analysis of an Desk Crit Session...................................95
 5.5.
 Furniture Design Critic: Three Vignettes....................................................................99
 5.5.1.
Vignette 1: Ann, a beginner....................................................................................... 103
 5.5.2.
Vignette 2: Ben, a knowledgeable designer.............................................................. 106
 5.5.3.
Vignette 3: Claire....................................................................................................... 112
 5.5.4.
Summary................................................................................................................... 116
 6.
 A Computational Model of Design Critiquing: How the Furniture Design Critic works ...................................................................................................... 118
 6.1.
 A Closer Look at the Vignettes ...................................................................................118
 6.2.
 Vignette 1: Ann........................................................................................................... 122
 6.3.
 Vignette 2: Ben..................