The impact of chronic pain on adolescents: a review of previously used measures.

OBJECTIVE To review the use of instruments to assess the impact of adolescent chronic pain, focussing on the development of instruments, the domains covered, psychometric properties, and published use with adolescent chronic pain patients. METHODS Systematic literature searching recovered 706 articles, yielding 116 relevant articles, employing a total of 43 separate measurement instruments, which were subjected to content analysis. RESULTS Most instruments were in the psychological domain (n = 22), with a self-report format (n = 36). Thirty instruments were specifically developed for adolescent populations; only 12 instruments had psychometric evaluation with adolescent chronic pain patients. The median use of any one instrument in published studies was two. Clinically relevant psychometric data were missing for many instruments. CONCLUSIONS There is a diversity of instrumentation with some pockets of depth of use, but some domains of chronic pain experience with no routine assessment. Further development of the knowledge base of measurement of the impact of chronic adolescent pain is necessary.

[1]  S. Lamb,et al.  Pediatric Symptom Checklist: screening school-age children for psychosocial dysfunction. , 1988, The Journal of pediatrics.

[2]  P. Bijttebier,et al.  Antecedents, Concomitants, and Consequences of Pediatric Headache: Confirmatory Construct Validation of Two Parent–Report Scales , 1999, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[3]  M. Smith,et al.  Comparative study of anxiety, depression, somatization, functional disability, and illness attribution in adolescents with chronic fatigue or migraine. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[4]  P. McGrath,et al.  The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: a review , 1991, Pain.

[5]  Hilla Peretz,et al.  Ju n 20 03 Schrödinger ’ s Cat : The rules of engagement , 2003 .

[6]  C. Eiser.  Children’s quality of life measures , 1997, Archives of disease in childhood.

[7]  C. Eccleston,et al.  Chronic musculoskeletal and other idiopathic pain syndromes , 2001, Archives of disease in childhood.

[8]  B. Compas,et al.  Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[9]  D. Janicke,et al.  Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: recurrent abdominal pain. , 1999, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[10]  P. Birleson.  The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: a research report. , 1981, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[11]  J. Varni,et al.  The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. , 1999, Medical care.

[12]  S. Davies,et al.  Pain, quality of life, and coping in sickle cell disease. , 1996, Archives of disease in childhood.

[13]  P. Mcgrath,et al.  Pain assessment in children and adolescents. , 2001 .

[14]  P. McGrath,et al.  Primary juvenile fibromyalgia: psychological adjustment, family functioning, coping, and functional disability. , 1997, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[15]  J. Varni,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral pain management in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. , 1992, Pediatrics.

[16]  P. Auquier,et al.  Generic health-related quality of life instruments in children and adolescents: a qualitative analysis of content. , 2004, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[17]  E. Blanchard,et al.  Psychological functioning of children who have recurrent migraine , 1988, Pain.

[18]  T. Palermo.  Impact of Recurrent and Chronic Pain on Child and Family Daily Functioning: A Critical Review of the Literature , 2000, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[19]  D. Reay.  Item analysis of the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale , 2004 .

[20]  Jan Passchier,et al.  Stability of Pain Parameters and Pain-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents With Persistent Pain: A Three-Year Follow-Up , 2002, The Clinical journal of pain.

[21]  Gillian Carty Roper,et al.  Development and validation of adolescent-perceived microsystem scales: Social support, daily hassles, and involvement , 1995, American journal of community psychology.

[22]  Anthony E. Cawkell.  Methods of information retrieval using Web of Science: pulmonary hypertension as a subject example , 2000, J. Inf. Sci..

[23]  E. Perrin,et al.  Assessing Psychosocial Adjustment of Children with Chronic Illnesses: A Review of the Technical Properties of PARS III , 1990, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[24]  K. Kelleher,et al.  Recurrent pain, emotional distress, and health service use in childhood. , 2002, The Journal of pediatrics.

[25]  Lawrence M. Baldwin,et al.  THE McMASTER FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE , 1983 .

[26]  L. Radloff.  The CES-D Scale , 1977 .

[27]  D. Turk.  Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Treatments for Patients With Chronic Pain , 2002, The Clinical journal of pain.

[28]  C. Eiser,et al.  A review of measures of quality of life for children with chronic illness , 2001, Archives of disease in childhood.

[29]  G. Crombez,et al.  The child version of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS-C): a preliminary validation , 2003, Pain.

[30]  C. Eccleston,et al.  Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of psychological therapy for chronic pain in children and adolescents, with a subset meta-analysis of pain relief , 2002, PAIN.

[31]  R. Snaith,et al.  The hospital anxiety and depression scale. , 2013, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[32]  B. Saelens,et al.  Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: pediatric obesity. , 1999, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[33]  J. J. Wilson,et al.  The stability of pain coping strategies in young children adolescents, and adults with sickle cell disease over an 18-month period. , 1997, The Clinical journal of pain.

[34]  L. Walker,et al.  The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. , 1991, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[35]  L. Kazis,et al.  AIMS2. The content and properties of a revised and expanded Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales Health Status Questionnaire. , 1992, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[36]  R. Lipton,et al.  Reliability of an Illness Severity Measure for Headache in A Population Sample of Migraine Sufferers , 1998, Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache.

[37]  Amanda C.C. Williams,et al.  What does the BDI measure in chronic pain? , 1993, Pain.

[38]  A. Michael Huberman,et al.  An expanded sourcebook qualitative data analysis , 1994 .

[39]  J. Barnard,et al.  Recurrent abdominal pain: a potential precursor of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents and young adults. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[40]  J C Fairbank,et al.  The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. , 1980, Physiotherapy.

[41]  Ronald Melzack,et al.  Handbook of pain assessment, 2nd ed. , 2001 .

[42]  M. Garralda,et al.  Somatisation in children. , 1996, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[43]  J. Passchier,et al.  Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience , 2000, Pain.

[44]  H. Merckelbach,et al.  The revised version of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (scared-r): Further evidence for its reliability and validity. , 1999, Anxiety, stress, and coping.

[45]  CONSTITUTION of the World Health Organization. , 1947, Chronicle of the World Health Organization.

[46]  J. Passchier,et al.  Shortening a Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adolescents with Chronic Pain and its Psychometric Qualities , 2002, Psychological reports.

[47]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  Development and validation of the pain response inventory for children. , 1997 .

[48]  M. Kovács.  Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. , 1981, Acta paedopsychiatrica.

[49]  P. Jhingran,et al.  Validity and Reliability of the Migraine‐Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ Version 2.1) , 2000, Headache.

[50]  C. Reynolds,et al.  What I Think and Feel: A Revised Measure of Children's Manifest Anxiety , 1997, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[51]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. , 1961, Archives of general psychiatry.

[52]  Acdc Williams.  Selecting and applying pain measures , 2002 .

[53]  B. Compas,et al.  Responses to stress in adolescence: measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[54]  D. Lovell,et al.  Development of a disability measurement tool for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The Juvenile Arthritis Functional Assessment Report for Children and their Parents. , 1991, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[55]  L. Scharff,et al.  Recurrent abdominal pain in children: a review of psychological factors and treatment. , 1997, Clinical psychology review.

[56]  Ronald T. Brown,et al.  Painful procedures in pediatric cancer. A comparison of interventions. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[57]  R. J. Thompson,et al.  Sickle cell disease in children and adolescents: the relation of child and parent pain coping strategies to adjustment. , 1991, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[58]  E. Pearlman.  Book Review: The Child with Headache: Diagnosis and Treatment , 2001 .

[59]  J. Owens,et al.  The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. , 2000, Sleep.

[60]  Nopawan Sanjaroensuttikul,et al.  The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire (version 1.0) Thai version. , 2007, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[61]  C. Spielberger,et al.  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , 1970 .

[62]  J. Passchier,et al.  A Quality of Life Instrument for Adolescents with Chronic Headache , 1996, Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache.

[63]  Nicky Thomas,et al.  Cognitive‐behaviour therapy for the management of sickle cell disease pain: An evaluation of a community‐based intervention , 1999 .

[64]  P. Gutjahr,et al.  [Chronic pain among children and adolescents. Physician consultation and medication use]. , 2002, Schmerz.

[65]  Gal Shoval,et al.  Children's Depression Inventor (CDI) and the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) for use in Israel. , 2005 .

[66]  J. Fries,et al.  Measurement of health status in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. , 1994, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[67]  Scott R. Bishop,et al.  The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. , 1995 .

[68]  C. Main.  The Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ). , 1983, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[69]  H. Ursin,et al.  Multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment of patients sicklisted for musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled study. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of rheumatology.

[70]  G. J. Mellenbergh,et al.  Social functioning in children with a chronic illness. , 2000, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[71]  G. Walco,et al.  Temperament and stress response in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. , 2003, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[72]  Lr Derogatis,et al.  SCL-90-R, Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual-II for the R(evised) Version and Other Instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scale Series , 1983 .

[73]  P. McGrath,et al.  The Pain Coping Questionnaire: preliminary validation , 1998, Pain.

[74]  A. Spirito,et al.  Development of a brief coping checklist for use with pediatric populations. , 1988, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[75]  T. Achenbach.  Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile , 1991 .