Organic electrochemical transistor incorporating anionogel as solid state electrolyte for lactate sensing

Room temperature Ionic liquids (RTILs) have evolved as a new type of solvent for biocatalysis, mainly due to their unique and tunable physical properties.[1] In addition, within the family of organic semiconductor-based sensors, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted particular interest.[2] Here, we present a simple and robust biosensor, based on a OECT, capable of measuring lactic acid using a gel-like polymeric materials that endow RTIL (ionogel)[3] as solid-state electrolyte both to immobilise the enzyme and to serve as a supporting electrolyte.[4] This represents the first step towards the achievement of a fast, flexible, miniaturised and cheap way of measuring lactate concentration in sweat.

[1]  M H Weil,et al.  Experimental and Clinical Studies on Lactate and Pyruvate as Indicators of the Severity of Acute Circulatory Failure (Shock) , 1970, Circulation.

[2]  Henry S. White,et al.  Chemical derivatization of an array of three gold microelectrodes with polypyrrole: Fabrication of a molecule-based transistor , 1984 .

[3]  L V Billat,et al.  Use of Blood Lactate Measurements for Prediction of Exercise Performance and for Control of Training , 1996, Sports medicine.

[4]  Xiaojing Liu,et al.  Development of an Optical Fiber Lactate Sensor , 1999 .

[5]  K. R. Seddon,et al.  Ionic liquids. Green solvents for the future , 2000 .

[6]  Bansi D. Malhotra,et al.  Co-immobilization of lactate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase on conducting polyaniline films , 2000 .

[7]  P. Zalm Dynamic SIMS: Quantification at All Depths? , 2000, Microchimica Acta.

[8]  J. M. Green,et al.  Sweat lactate response between males with high and low aerobic fitness , 2003, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[9]  Fabrice Axisa,et al.  Flexible technologies and smart clothing for citizen medicine, home healthcare, and disease prevention , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[10]  B. Phypers,et al.  Lactate physiology in health and disease , 2006 .

[11]  Shekhar Bhansali,et al.  Novel lactate and pH biosensor for skin and sweat analysis based on single walled carbon nanotubes , 2006 .

[12]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Gating of an organic transistor through a bilayer lipid membrane with ion channels , 2006 .

[13]  Hiroyuki Ohno,et al.  Solubility and stability of cytochrome c in hydrated ionic liquids: effect of oxo acid residues and kosmotropicity. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[14]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Steady‐State and Transient Behavior of Organic Electrochemical Transistors , 2007 .

[15]  Adam Heller,et al.  Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[16]  Hui Xu,et al.  Electrochemical Sensors for Clinic Analysis , 2008, Sensors.

[17]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Enzymatic sensing with organic electrochemical transistors , 2008 .

[18]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future. , 2009, Nature materials.

[19]  George G Malliaras,et al.  Integration of a surface-directed microfluidic system with an organic electrochemical transistor array for multi-analyte biosensors. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[20]  Feng Yan,et al.  Ion-sensitive properties of organic electrochemical transistors. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[21]  Jilin Yan,et al.  An exercise degree monitoring biosensor based on electrochemiluminescent detection of lactate in sweat , 2010 .

[22]  A. Tonevitsky,et al.  Sol-gel immobilization of lactate oxidase from organic solvent: toward the advanced lactate biosensor. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[23]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Organic Electronics at the Interface with Biology , 2010 .

[24]  Dermot Diamond,et al.  Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[25]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Effect of the gate electrode on the response of organic electrochemical transistors , 2010 .

[26]  Feng Yan,et al.  The Application of Organic Electrochemical Transistors in Cell‐Based Biosensors , 2010, Advanced materials.

[27]  N. Lee,et al.  Organic electrochemical transistor based immunosensor for prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection using gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[28]  Feng Yan,et al.  Organic Electrochemical Transistors Integrated in Flexible Microfluidic Systems and Used for Label‐Free DNA Sensing , 2011, Advanced materials.

[29]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Detection of Transmitter Release from Single Living Cells Using Conducting Polymer Microelectrodes , 2011, Advanced materials.

[30]  Lydie Viau,et al.  Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[31]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.