Rheological Issues in Carbon-Based Inks for Additive Manufacturing

As the industry and commercial market move towards the optimization of printing and additive manufacturing, it becomes important to understand how to obtain the most from the materials while maintaining the ability to print complex geometries effectively. Combining such a manufacturing method with advanced carbon materials, such as Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon fibers, with their mechanical and conductive properties, delivers a cutting-edge combination of low-cost conductive products. Through the process of printing the effectiveness of these properties decreases. Thorough optimization is required to determine the idealized ink functional and flow properties to ensure maximum printability and functionalities offered by carbon nanoforms. The optimization of these properties then is limited by the printability. By determining the physical properties of printability and flow properties of the inks, calculated compromises can be made for the ink design. In this review we have discussed the connection between the rheology of carbon-based inks and the methodologies for maintaining the maximum pristine carbon material properties.

[1]  E. Morallón,et al.  Investigating the influence of surfactants on the stabilization of aqueous reduced graphene oxide dispersions and the characteristics of their composite films , 2012 .

[2]  Brian Derby,et al.  Inkjet Printing of Highly Loaded Particulate Suspensions , 2003 .

[3]  S. Bose,et al.  Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications , 2012 .

[4]  H. Friedrich,et al.  3D printing of CNT- and graphene-based conductive polymer nanocomposites by fused deposition modeling , 2017 .

[5]  A. Todoroki,et al.  Three-dimensional printing of continuous-fiber composites by in-nozzle impregnation , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[6]  Guo-jin Liang,et al.  Carbon-Based Flexible and All-Solid-State Micro-supercapacitors Fabricated by Inkjet Printing with Enhanced Performance , 2016, Nano-Micro Letters.

[7]  Graham D. Martin,et al.  Effects of fluid viscosity on drop-on-demand ink-jet break-off , 2010 .

[8]  Shree Ram Singh Principles of Regenerative Medicine , 2009, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[9]  Mahmuda Akter Monne,et al.  Inkjet printed graphene-based field-effect transistors on flexible substrate , 2017, NanoScience + Engineering.

[10]  D. Fry,et al.  Rheology of concentrated carbon nanotube suspensions. , 2007, The Journal of chemical physics.

[11]  Yayue Pan,et al.  Fully Packaged Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors by Direct Ink Writing on Flexible Substrates. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[12]  Heli Jantunen,et al.  Inkjet printing of electrically conductive patterns of carbon nanotubes. , 2006, Small.

[13]  Yiming Chen,et al.  Inkjet printed flexible electronics on paper substrate with reduced graphene oxide/carbon black ink , 2018, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[14]  A. Sahakian,et al.  Cascaded spintronic logic with low-dimensional carbon , 2017, Nature Communications.

[15]  A. Toland,et al.  Carbon , 2018, Field to Palette.

[16]  K. Ahn,et al.  Optimization of Experimental Parameters to Suppress Nozzle Clogging in Inkjet Printing , 2012 .

[17]  André D. Taylor,et al.  Inkjet printing of carbon supported platinum 3-D catalyst layers for use in fuel cells , 2007 .

[18]  Kai Huang,et al.  Three-dimensional graphene-based materials by direct ink writing method for lightweight application , 2018, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture.

[19]  Yang Guo,et al.  Inkjet and inkjet-based 3D printing: connecting fluid properties and printing performance , 2017 .

[20]  M. Hersam,et al.  Inkjet Printing of High Conductivity, Flexible Graphene Patterns. , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[21]  Jin-Woo Choi,et al.  Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube Electrodes with Low Sheet Resistance for Electrochemical Sensor Applications , 2014 .

[22]  C. Barrie The rheology of carbon black dispersions , 2004 .

[23]  A. Skalski,et al.  Efficient Inkjet Printing of Graphene-Based Elements: Influence of Dispersing Agent on Ink Viscosity , 2018, Nanomaterials.

[24]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Printed, sub-3V digital circuits on plastic from aqueous carbon nanotube inks. , 2010, ACS nano.

[25]  Joong Tark Han,et al.  3D Printing of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanowires , 2015, Advanced materials.

[26]  E. Petersen,et al.  Colloidal properties and stability of aqueous suspensions of few-layer graphene: Importance of graphene concentration. , 2017, Environmental pollution.

[27]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Sustainable production of highly conductive multilayer graphene ink for wireless connectivity and IoT applications , 2018, Nature Communications.

[28]  Y. Nishina,et al.  Dependence of ph level on tribological effect of graphene oxide as an additive in water lubrication , 2016 .

[29]  C. Tsitsilianis,et al.  Colloidal stabilization of graphene sheets by ionizable amphiphilic block copolymers in various media , 2015, 1801.07069.

[30]  Dichen Li,et al.  Interface and performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites , 2016 .

[31]  E. W. Llewellin,et al.  The rheology of suspensions of solid particles , 2010, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[32]  L. Love,et al.  Highly oriented carbon fiber–polymer composites via additive manufacturing , 2014 .

[33]  J. Lewis,et al.  3D‐Printing of Lightweight Cellular Composites , 2014, Advanced materials.

[34]  Yi Cui,et al.  Enhancing the supercapacitor performance of graphene/MnO2 nanostructured electrodes by conductive wrapping. , 2011, Nano letters.

[35]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  A Bioactive Carbon Nanotube‐Based Ink for Printing 2D and 3D Flexible Electronics , 2016, Advanced materials.

[36]  Abdellah Kharicha,et al.  A transient model for nozzle clogging – Part II: Validation and verification , 2017 .

[37]  Martin Pumera,et al.  3D Printed Graphene Electrodes' Electrochemical Activation. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[38]  P. Poulin,et al.  Graphene oxide dispersions: tuning rheology to enable fabrication , 2014 .

[39]  I. Hutchings,et al.  Properties of PEDOT:PSS from Oscillating Drop Studies , 2014, NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference.

[40]  P. Griffiths,et al.  Rheology of aqueous carbon black dispersions. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[41]  Norbert Willenbacher,et al.  Rheology of Disperse Systems , 2013, Nature.

[42]  D. Adamson,et al.  Conductive thin films of pristine graphene by solvent interface trapping. , 2013, ACS nano.

[43]  Wei Jiang,et al.  3D Printable Graphene Composite , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[44]  K. Shin,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of inkjet-printed carbon nanotube electrode patterns on paper , 2013 .

[45]  G. Batchelor,et al.  An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics , 1968 .

[46]  Eugene M. Terentjev,et al.  Dispersion rheology of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix , 2006 .

[47]  Chee Meng Benjamin Ho,et al.  3D Printed Polycaprolactone Carbon Nanotube Composite Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. , 2017, Macromolecular bioscience.

[48]  Rui F. Silva,et al.  Three-dimensional printed PCL-hydroxyapatite scaffolds filled with CNTs for bone cell growth stimulation. , 2016, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[49]  Yongsheng Chen,et al.  Graphene-based conducting inks for direct inkjet printing of flexible conductive patterns and their applications in electric circuits and chemical sensors , 2011 .

[50]  Shannon E. Weigum,et al.  Inkjet-Printed Flexible Biosensor Based on Graphene Field Effect Transistor , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[51]  Samuel Rosset,et al.  Inkjet printing of carbon black electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators , 2017, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[52]  Brian Derby,et al.  Additive Manufacture of Ceramics Components by Inkjet Printing , 2015 .

[53]  M. Narayana,et al.  Predicting the effective viscosity of nanofluids based on the rheology of suspensions of solid particles , 2017, Journal of King Saud University - Science.

[54]  Menachem Elimelech,et al.  Aggregation and deposition kinetics of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[55]  Jin-Woo Choi,et al.  Inkjet Printing of Carbon Nanotubes , 2013, Nanomaterials.

[56]  Ashraf Saad Environmental pollution reduction by using VOC-free water-based gravure inks and drying them with a new drying system based on dielectric heating , 2008 .

[57]  Franklin Kim,et al.  Graphene Oxide: Surface Activity and Two‐Dimensional Assembly , 2010, Advanced materials.

[58]  B. Kharisov,et al.  Methods for dispersion of carbon nanotubes in water and common solvents , 2014 .

[59]  Po-Chiang Chen,et al.  Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates , 2010 .

[60]  A. Seifalian,et al.  A concise review of carbon nanotube's toxicology , 2013, Nano reviews.

[61]  K. Moon,et al.  Preparation of Water-Based Carbon Nanotube Inks and Application in the Inkjet Printing of Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors , 2013 .

[62]  M. Jakubowska,et al.  Rheology of inks for various techniques of printed electronics , 2016 .

[63]  Donghua Xu,et al.  The effect of particle shape on the structure and rheological properties of carbon-based particle suspensions , 2015, Chinese Journal of Polymer Science.

[64]  Stephen D. Hoath,et al.  Fundamentals of inkjet printing : the science of inkjet and droplets , 2016 .

[65]  Su-juan Yu,et al.  Silver nanoparticles in the environment. , 2013, Environmental science. Processes & impacts.

[66]  A. Ajayaghosh,et al.  Bioinspired superhydrophobic coatings of carbon nanotubes and linear pi systems based on the "bottom-up" self-assembly approach. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[67]  C. Duty,et al.  Rheological evaluation of high temperature polymers to identify successful extrusion parameters , 2017 .

[68]  A. Ludwig,et al.  A transient model for nozzle clogging , 2018 .

[69]  Rheological Models: Integral and Differential Representations , 2012 .

[70]  Wei Zhu,et al.  3D printing nano conductive multi-walled carbon nanotube scaffolds for nerve regeneration , 2018, Journal of neural engineering.

[71]  N. Kovalchuk,et al.  Kinetics of liquid bridges and formation of satellite droplets: Difference between micellar and bi-layer forming solutions , 2017 .

[72]  D. Kuščer,et al.  Advanced Direct Forming Processes for the Future , 2014 .

[73]  H. Liang,et al.  Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms , 2016, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[74]  N. Iki Silver Nanoparticles. , 2018, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[75]  Björn A. Sandén,et al.  Review of Potential Environmental and Health Risks of the Nanomaterial Graphene , 2013 .

[76]  Tian Li,et al.  Graphene Oxide‐Based Electrode Inks for 3D‐Printed Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[77]  Hao Hong,et al.  Graphene: a versatile nanoplatform for biomedical applications. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[78]  Bharathi Konkena,et al.  Understanding Aqueous Dispersibility of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide through pKa Measurements. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[79]  Fabrication of glucose biosensors by inkjet printing , 2012, 1207.1190.

[80]  Yan Zhang,et al.  3D Printed Graphene Based Energy Storage Devices , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[81]  R. Young,et al.  The rheological behaviour of concentrated dispersions of graphene oxide , 2014, Journal of Materials Science.

[82]  Yi Cui,et al.  Stretchable, porous, and conductive energy textiles. , 2010, Nano letters.

[83]  Q. Pei,et al.  A Water‐Based Silver‐Nanowire Screen‐Print Ink for the Fabrication of Stretchable Conductors and Wearable Thin‐Film Transistors , 2016, Advanced materials.

[84]  Bin Yao,et al.  Efficient 3D Printed Pseudocapacitive Electrodes with Ultrahigh MnO2 Loading , 2019, Joule.

[85]  D. H. Everett Basic Principles of Colloid Science , 1988 .

[86]  M. S. Yusof,et al.  An Investigation on Printability of Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) Inks by Flexographic onto Various Substrates , 2014 .

[87]  P. Poulin,et al.  Conductive inks of graphitic nanoparticles from a sustainable carbon feedstock , 2017 .

[88]  Jon Elvar Wallevik,et al.  Avoiding inaccurate interpretations of rheological measurements for cement-based materials , 2015 .

[89]  M. Hersam,et al.  Colloidal properties and stability of graphene oxide nanomaterials in the aquatic environment. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[90]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Inkjet-printed graphene electronics. , 2011, ACS nano.

[91]  I. Ashcroft,et al.  Surface microstructuring to modify wettability for 3D printing of nano-filled inks , 2016 .

[92]  A. Deshpande Techniques in oscillatory shear rheology , 2009 .

[93]  Anna De Girolamo Del Mauro,et al.  Ink-jet printing technique in polymer/carbon black sensing device fabrication , 2009 .

[94]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes , 1992, Nature.

[95]  I. Hutchings,et al.  Inkjet printing - the physics of manipulating liquid jets and drops , 2008 .

[96]  R. Sordan,et al.  Fully inkjet-printed two-dimensional material field-effect heterojunctions for wearable and textile electronics , 2017, Nature Communications.

[97]  Daniel M. Vogt,et al.  Embedded 3D Printing of Strain Sensors within Highly Stretchable Elastomers , 2014, Advanced materials.

[98]  Marinella Levi,et al.  Conductive 3D microstructures by direct 3D printing of polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites via liquid deposition modeling , 2015 .

[99]  Francisco Chinesta,et al.  The microstructure and rheology of carbon nanotube suspensions , 2008 .

[100]  J. Neshati,et al.  Improving the UV degradation resistance of epoxy coatings using modified carbon black nanoparticles , 2015 .

[101]  Alexandra L. Rutz,et al.  Three-dimensional printing of high-content graphene scaffolds for electronic and biomedical applications. , 2015, ACS nano.

[102]  Tapas Kuila,et al.  Effects of various surfactants on the dispersion stability and electrical conductivity of surface modified graphene , 2013 .

[103]  Seung‐Yeol Jeon,et al.  Optimally conductive networks in randomly dispersed CNT:graphene hybrids , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[104]  K. Lian,et al.  Knitted and screen printed carbon-fiber supercapacitors for applications in wearable electronics , 2013 .

[105]  I. Fischer Rheology Of Filled Polymer Systems , 2016 .

[106]  E. Kymakis,et al.  Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. , 2014, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[107]  Finbarr Murphy,et al.  The insurability of nanomaterial production risk. , 2013, Nature nanotechnology.

[108]  Pierre Temple-Boyer,et al.  Experimental temperature compensation on drop-on-demand Inkjet printing , 2010 .

[109]  Xiao-song Jiang,et al.  Recent Developments Concerning the Dispersion Methods and Mechanisms of Graphene , 2018 .