Who Seeks Help Online for Self-Injury?

The objective of this study was to identify differences between young people who seek help online for self-injury and those who self-injure but do not seek help online, in order to improve online services for young people at high risk of suicide. Young people reporting a history of self-injury (N = 679) were identified as part of larger study (N = 1,463) exploring help-seeking. One third of young people with a history of self-injury reported online help-seeking for self-injury. Online help-seekers were significantly more distressed, suicidal, and had a greater degree of self-injury compared to those who did not seek help online. The Internet provides an important form of support to the most at risk young people in this population, and may be a proximal step to face-to-face help-seeking. Further research is required to investigate the forms of support currently accessed by young people online, and their effectiveness.

[1]  F. Deane,et al.  Brief report: Need for autonomy and other perceived barriers relating to adolescents' intentions to seek professional mental health care. , 2012, Journal of adolescence.

[2]  Ray B. Jones,et al.  Problem presentation and responses on an online forum for young people who self-harm , 2011 .

[3]  M. Lafontaine,et al.  A Comparison of Invalidating Family Environment Characteristics Between University Students Engaging in Self-Injurious Thoughts & Actions and Non-Self-Injuring University Students , 2011, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[4]  P. Caputi,et al.  Early access and help seeking: practice implications and new initiatives , 2011, Early intervention in psychiatry.

[5]  G. Martin,et al.  Cutting on-line: Self-injury and the internet , 2010 .

[6]  B. Klein,et al.  Preferences for e-mental health services amongst an online Australian sample? , 2010 .

[7]  F. Deane,et al.  Help-Negation and Suicidal Ideation: The Role of Depression, Anxiety and Hopelessness , 2010, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[8]  S. Maclean Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood: New Perspectives and Agendas , 2010 .

[9]  C. Wilson General psychological distress symptoms and help-avoidance in young Australians , 2010 .

[10]  Ian M. Shochet,et al.  Online Intervention for Student Wellbeing: Universal Online Interventions Might Engage Psychologically Distressed University Students who are Unlikely to Seek Formal Help , 2010 .

[11]  Patti Ranahan Mental Health Literacy: A Conceptual Framework for Future Inquiry into Child and Youth Care Professionals’ Practice with Suicidal Adolescents , 2010 .

[12]  K. Mullan,et al.  State of Australia's Young People: A Report on the Social, Economic, Health and Family Lives of Young People. , 2009 .

[13]  Billie Kell The Strengths and Limitations of The Internet as A Health Information Resource for Adolescents , 2009 .

[14]  J. Muehlenkamp,et al.  An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA , 2009, Psychological Medicine.

[15]  Keith M. Harris,et al.  Solving suicidal problems online: Who turns to the Internet for help? , 2009 .

[16]  K. Hawton,et al.  Help-seeking before and after episodes of self-harm: a descriptive study in school pupils in England , 2008, BMC public health.

[17]  A. Barak,et al.  A Comprehensive Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Internet-Based Psychotherapeutic Interventions , 2008 .

[18]  S. Fekete,et al.  Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. , 2008, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[19]  Lorann Stallones,et al.  What prevents adolescents from seeking help after a suicide education program? , 2008, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[20]  F. Deane,et al.  Depressive symptoms and help-seeking intentions in young people , 2007 .

[21]  Janis Whitlock,et al.  The internet and self-injury: what psychotherapists should know. , 2007, Journal of clinical psychology.

[22]  Miriam Liss,et al.  Psychological characteristics of self-injurious behavior , 2007 .

[23]  Karen Rodham,et al.  I hear, I listen and I care: a qualitative investigation into the function of a self-harm message board. , 2007, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[24]  J. Muehlenkamp,et al.  Risk for Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents Who Engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury , 2007, Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research.

[25]  J. Whitlock,et al.  The virtual cutting edge: the internet and adolescent self-injury. , 2006, Developmental psychology.

[26]  P. Gutierrez 2005 Shneidman Award Address. Integratively assessing risk and protective factors for adolescent suicide. , 2006, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[27]  Kathleen M Griffiths,et al.  Review of randomised controlled trials of Internet interventions for mental disorders and related conditions , 2006 .

[28]  K. Rodham,et al.  In what ways are adolescents who engage in self-harm or experience thoughts of self-harm different in terms of help-seeking, communication and coping strategies? , 2005, Journal of adolescence.

[29]  Keith Hawton,et al.  Suicide and deliberate self harm in young people , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[30]  D. Leo,et al.  Who are the kids who self-harm ? An Australian self-report school survey , 2004 .

[31]  K. Hawton,et al.  Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: Long-term follow-up study of 11 583 patients , 2004, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[32]  Kylie Lee,et al.  Help-seeking behaviour and the Internet: An investigation among Australian adolescents , 2004 .

[33]  A. House,et al.  Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm , 2002, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[34]  R. Kessler,et al.  Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress , 2002, Psychological Medicine.

[35]  C. Murray,et al.  Who helps? Supporting people who self-harm , 2002 .

[36]  A. Osman,et al.  The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R):Validation with Clinical and Nonclinical Samples , 2001, Assessment.

[37]  G. Andrews,et al.  Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) , 2001, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[38]  T. Joiner,et al.  Help negation after acute suicidal crisis. , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[39]  J. Whitlock The Cutting Edge: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence , 2009 .

[40]  Emily L Boeckmann Self-Injury Knowledge and Peer Perceptions among Members of Internet Self-Injury Groups , 2008 .

[41]  Christiane Poulin,et al.  Online health promotion, early identification of difficulties, and help seeking in young people. , 2007, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[42]  Michele L. Ybarra,et al.  Help seeking behavior and the Internet: A national survey , 2006, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[43]  Frank P. Deane,et al.  Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire , 2005 .

[44]  C. Wilson Help-negation for suicidal thoughts in sub-clinical samples of young people , 2003 .

[45]  H. Christensen,et al.  The Internet and mental health literacy. , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.