Studies of two parasites of olive scale, Parlatoria oleae (Colvée): IV. Biological control of Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) through the compensatory action of two introduced parasites

The competitive population interactions between Aphytis maculicornis and Coccophagoides utilis were analyzed in order to determine their roles in controlling olive scale, Parlatoria oleae, in California olive groves. There is strong evidence that the two parasites working together give better control of olive scale than does A. maculicornis working alone. Conclusions are based on observations of parasite populations at selected groves over a period of five years. K-values for various factors affecting olive scale mortality were developed in order to measure and assess the controlling effects of these two parasites on olive scale from generation to generation.

[1]  R. Bosch,et al.  Studies On Succession, Distribution, and Phenology of Imported Parasites of Therioaphis Trifolii (Monell) In Southern California , 1964 .

[2]  C. Huffaker,et al.  Studies of two parasites of olive scale, Parlatoria oleae (Colvée): III. The role of an autoparasitic aphelinid, Coccophagoides utilis Doutt, in the control of Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) , 1966 .

[3]  R. F. Morris,et al.  The Regulation of European Spruce Sawfly Numbers in the Maritime Provinces of Canada from 1937 to 1963 , 1964, The Canadian Entomologist.

[4]  R. Doutt,et al.  Studies of two parasites of olive scale, Parlatoria oleae (Colvée): II. The biology of Coccophagoides utilis Doutt (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) , 1966 .

[5]  C. Huffaker,et al.  Biological control of olive scale, Pwrlatoria oleae (Cohree), in California by imported Aphytis maculicornis (Masi) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). , 1962 .

[6]  D. A. Chant,et al.  THE PRACTICE AND THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS IN CANADA , 1961 .

[7]  K. Watt.  Community Stability and the Strategy of Biological Control , 1965, The Canadian Entomologist.

[8]  Harry S. Smith,et al.  Multiple Parasitism : Its Relation to the Biological Control of Insect Pests , 1929 .

[9]  A. Nicholson,et al.  Supplement: the Balance of Animal Populations , 1933 .

[10]  R. F. Morris.  The Interpretation of Mortality Data in Studies on Population Dynamics , 1957, The Canadian Entomologist.

[11]  C. Huffaker.  Competition for food by a phytophagous mite: The roles of dispersion and superimposed density-independent mortality , 1966 .

[12]  P. Debach,et al.  Biological control of insect pests and weeds , 1967 .

[13]  S. Flanders.  Competition and Cooperation Among Parasitic Hymenoptera Related to Biological Control , 1965, The Canadian Entomologist.

[14]  C. B. Huffaker,et al.  Fundamentals of biological control of weeds , 1957 .

[15]  R. Doutt.  Studies of two parasites of olive scale, Parlatoria oleae (Colvée): I. A taxonomic analysis of parasitic Hymenoptera reared from Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) , 1966 .

[16]  R. Bosch,et al.  Parasitization of Acyrthosiphon Pisum by Aphidius Smithi, A Density‐Dependent Process in Nature. (Homoptera: Aphidae) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) , 1966 .

[17]  R. F. Morris.  Single‐Factor Analysis in Population Dynamics , 1959 .