Foldamers : structure, properties, and applications

Foreword. Preface. List of Contributors. Part 1 Structure: Foldamer Design Concepts. 1 Foldamers Based on Local Conformational Preferences (Ivan Huc and Louis Cuccia). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Rigidly Locked Molecules. 1.3 Predictable Foldamers. 1.4 Semi-rigid Backbones. 1.5 Conformational Transitions. 1.6 Conclusion and Perspectives. References. 2 Foldamers Based on Remote Intrastrand Interactions (Philippe Le Grel and Gilles Guichard). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 What can be Learned from Strategies used to Control Conformations of &alpha -Polypeptides? 2.3 Helices from Homogeneous Oligomeric Backbones with Periodicity at the Monomer Level: o-Peptides and their Analogs. 2.4 Oligoamide Mixed Helices. 2.5 Nonperiodic Structures: Open Chain b-Turn-like Motifs and Hairpins in Designed Homo-oligomers. 2.6 Expanding Structural Diversity with Heterogeneous Backbones. 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook. References. 3 Foldamers Based on Solvophobic Effects (Yan Zhao and Jeffrey S. Moore). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Learning from Solvophobically Driven Assemblies - Intermolecular Solvophobic Interactions. 3.3 Learning from Synthetic and Biological Polymers. 3.4 Recent Advances in Foldamers Based on Solvophobic Effects. 3.5 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 4 Foldamer Hybrids: Defined Supramolecular Structures from Flexible Molecules (Carsten Schmuck and Thomas Rehm). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Hybridization of Oligomers with Well-defined Structures. 4.3 Hybridization-induced Folding of Unstructured Molecules. 4.4 Formation of Large Polymeric Aggregates via Self-assembly. 4.5 Applications of Foldamer Hybridization. 4.6 Conclusion. References. 5 Control of Polypeptide Chain Folding and Assembly (Rajkishor Rai and Padmanabhan Balaram). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Helix Promotion by Backbone Substitution. 5.3 Hairpin Design using Obligatory Turn Segments. 5.4 Helix-Helix Motifs. 5.5 Multi-stranded &beta -Sheets. 5.6 Mixed Helix-Sheet (&alpha /&beta ) Structures. 5.7 Conclusions. References. 6 Simulation of Folding Equilibria (Wilfred F. van Gunsteren and Zrinka Gattin). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Dynamical Simulation of Folding Equilibria under Di.erent Thermodynamic and Kinetic Conditions. 6.3 Variation of the Composition of the Polypeptide Analogs and the Solvent. 6.4 Convergence of the Simulated Folding Equilibrium. 6.5 Sensitivity of the Folding Equilibrium to the Force Field Used. 6.6 Comparison of Simulated with Experimentally Measured Observables. 6.7 Characterization of the Unfolded State and the Folding Process. 6.8 Conclusion. References. Part 2 Function: From Properties to Applications. 7 Foldamer-based Molecular Recognition (Jorge Becerril, Johanna M. Rodriguez, Ishu Saraogi and Andrew D. Hamilton). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Small Molecule Recognition Using Foldamers. 7.3 Protein Recognition. 7.4 Mimicry of Biomineralization: Recognition of Crystal Surfaces Using Foldamers. 7.5 Conclusion. References. 8 Biological Applications of Foldamers (Marc Koyack and Richard Cheng). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Design Strategies. 8.3 Outlook and Future Directions. References. 9 Protein Design (Jean-Luc Jestin and Frederic Pecorari). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Design of Proteins from Natural Sca.olds. 9.3 Design of Proteins from Building Blocks. 9.4 Design of Proteins using Altered Alphabets. 9.5 Design of Proteins de novo. 9.6 Conclusion. References. 10 Nucleic Acid Foldamers: Design, Engineering and Selection of Programmable Biomaterials with Recognition, Catalytic and Self-assembly Properties (Arkadiusz Chworos and Luc Jaeger). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Principles of Nucleic Acid Foldamers. 10.3 Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Foldamers and Analogs. 10.4 Combinatorial Approaches for Isolating Functional Nucleic Acid Foldamers. 10.5 DNA Architectonics. 10.6 RNA Architectonics. 10.7 Self-assembly Strategies for Building Complex Nucleic Acid Nanostructures. 10.8 Ornamentation and Functionalization of Nucleic Acid Architectures. 10.9 Conclusions. References. 11 Helically Folding Polymers (Eiji Yashima and Katsuhiro Maeda). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Helical Polymers with High Helix Inversion Barriers (Static Helical Polymers). 11.3 Helical Polymers with Low Helix Inversion Barriers (Dynamic Helical Polymers). 11.4 Inversion of Macromolecular Helicity. 11.5 Applications of Helical Polymers. 11.6 Conclusion. References. 12 Polyisocyanides: Sti.ened Foldamers (Matthijs B.J. Otten, Gerald A. Metselaar, Jeroen J.L.M. Cornelissen, Alan E. Rowan and Roeland J.M. Nolte). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Preparation. 12.3 Conformation. 12.4 Sti.ening the Helix. 12.5 Functionalized Polyisocyanides. 12.6 Conclusions. References. 13 Foldamers at Interfaces (Jan van Esch, Hennie Valkenier, Sebastian Hartwig, and Stefan Hecht). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Folding in Solution and at Interfaces. 13.3 Helical Structures. 13.4 Sheet Structures. 13.5 Turn Elements and Hairpins. 13.6 Outlook. References. Index.