Dielectrophoresis and Rotation of Cells

Electrical fields exert forces on particles and biological cells. These field-induced forces are well known to physicists and many textbooks discuss these so-called “ponderomotoric” forces. Usually this is done for the DC case only. The forces can be shown to be proportional to the square E. Since the forces are proportional to E 2, an alternating field will produce forces of the form cos2ωt = 0.5(1+ cos 2ωt) (ω = angular frequency, t = time) and therefore must have a time-averaged positive value.

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