An Explainable Transformer-Based Deep Learning Model for the Prediction of Incident Heart Failure

Predicting the incidence of complex chronic conditions such as heart failure is challenging. Deep learning models applied to rich electronic health records may improve prediction but remain unexplainable hampering their wider use in medical practice. We developed a novel Transformer deep-learning model for more accurate and yet explainable prediction of incident heart failure involving 100,071 patients from longitudinal linked electronic health records across the UK. On internal 5-fold cross validation and held-out external validation, our model achieved 0.93 and 0.93 area under the receiver operator curve and 0.69 and 0.70 area under the precision-recall curve, respectively and outperformed existing deep learning models. Predictor groups included all community and hospital diagnoses and medications contextualized within the age and calendar year for each patient’s clinical encounter. The importance of contextualized medical information was revealed in a number of sensitivity analyses, and our perturbation method provided a way of identifying factors contributing to risk. Many of the identified risk factors were consistent with existing knowledge from clinical and epidemiological research but several new associations were revealed which had not been considered in expert-driven risk prediction models.