The association between lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: A spatiotemporal analysis.

BACKGROUND China is experiencing more and more days of serious air pollution recently, and has the highest lung cancer burden in the world. OBJECTIVES To examine the associations between lung cancer incidence and fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone in China. METHODS We used 75 communities' data of lung cancer incidence from the National Cancer Registration of China from 1990 to 2009. The annual concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone at 0.1°×0.1° spatial resolution were generated by combing remote sensing, global chemical transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements. A spatial age-period-cohort model was used to examine the relative risks of lung cancer incidence associated with the air pollutants, after adjusting for impacts of age, period, and birth cohort, sex, and community type (rural and urban) as well as the spatial variation on lung cancer incidence. RESULTS The relative risks of lung cancer incidence related to a 10 µg/m(3) increase in 2-year average PM2.5 were 1.055 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.038, 1.072) for men, 1.149 (1.120, 1.178) for women, 1.060 (1.044, 1.075) for an urban communities, 1.037 (0.998, 1.078) for a rural population, 1.074 (1.052, 1.096) for people aged 30-65 years, and 1.111 (1.077, 1.146) for those aged over 75 years. Ozone also had a significant association with lung cancer incidence. CONCLUSIONS The increased risks of lung cancer incidence were associated with PM2.5 and ozone air pollution. Control measures to reduce air pollution would likely lower the future incidence of lung cancer.

[1]  Stephen S Hecht,et al.  Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: chemical mechanisms and approaches to prevention. , 2002, The Lancet. Oncology.

[2]  M. Melamed,et al.  Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  Wei Huang,et al.  Short-term exposure to sulfur dioxide and daily mortality in 17 Chinese cities: the China air pollution and health effects study (CAPES). , 2012, Environmental research.

[4]  N J Wald,et al.  The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke , 1997, BMJ.

[5]  Collins Kj.  Effects of cold on old people. , 1987, British journal of hospital medicine.

[6]  Min Dai,et al.  Cancer trends in China. , 2010, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[7]  Daniel Krewski,et al.  Estimates of global mortality attributable to particulate air pollution using satellite imagery. , 2013, Environmental research.

[8]  A. Cohen,et al.  Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. , 2000, Environmental health perspectives.

[9]  Bert Brunekreef,et al.  Long-Term Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Risk , 2008, Epidemiology.

[10]  Michael X. Gleason,et al.  A Novel Approach for Analysis of the Log-Linear Age-Period-Cohort Model: Application to Lung Cancer Incidence , 2009, Cancer informatics.

[11]  Qixing Zhou,et al.  The association between air pollutants and morbidity for diabetes and liver diseases modified by sexes, ages, and seasons in Tianjin, China , 2014, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[12]  P. Boyle,et al.  Age-period-cohort analysis of chronic disease rates. I: Modelling approach. , 1998, Statistics in medicine.

[13]  Wei Li,et al.  Distribution of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in rural field, rural village and urban areas of northern China. , 2014, Environmental pollution.

[14]  Jie Cao,et al.  Ambient Temperature and Mortality: An International Study in 13 Cities of East Asia , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  R. Burnett,et al.  Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. , 2002, JAMA.

[16]  J. Chuang,et al.  Lung cancer and indoor air pollution in Xuan Wei, China. , 1987, Science.

[17]  Martin Hvidberg,et al.  Lung Cancer Incidence and Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution from Traffic , 2011, Environmental health perspectives.

[18]  Jie He,et al.  Report of incidence and mortality in China cancer registries, 2009. , 2013, Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu.

[19]  A. Cohen,et al.  Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[20]  James A Hanley,et al.  Random measurement error and regression dilution bias , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[21]  Zoé Uhry,et al.  Lung cancer mortality in France. Trend analysis and projection between 1975 and 2012, using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model. , 2008, Lung cancer.

[22]  A. Tjønneland,et al.  Air Pollution from Traffic and Risk for Lung Cancer in Three Danish Cohorts , 2010, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.

[23]  W. Bennett,et al.  Variability of fine particle deposition in healthy adults: effect of age and gender. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[24]  Paolo Vineis,et al.  Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer: Recent epidemiologic evidence , 2004, International journal of cancer.

[25]  Wei Huang,et al.  Association of particulate air pollution with daily mortality: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study. , 2012, American journal of epidemiology.

[26]  B. Brunekreef,et al.  Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). , 2013, The Lancet. Oncology.

[27]  C. Mathers,et al.  Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 , 2010, International journal of cancer.

[28]  Wanqing Chen,et al.  Bayesian age‐period‐cohort prediction of lung cancer incidence in China , 2011, Thoracic cancer.

[29]  M. Stafoggia,et al.  Long-Term Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and Mortality in a Cohort of More than a Million Adults in Rome , 2013, Environmental health perspectives.

[30]  Yuming Guo,et al.  The burden of air pollution on years of life lost in Beijing, China, 2004-08: retrospective regression analysis of daily deaths , 2013, BMJ.

[31]  Michael X. Gleason,et al.  Estimation of Hazard Functions in the Log-Linear Age-Period-Cohort Model: Application to Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Geographical Area , 2010, Cancer informatics.

[32]  PASSIVE SMOKING AND LUNG CANCER , 1983, The Lancet.

[33]  Ligia Vizeu Barrozo,et al.  Air pollution: a potentially modifiable risk factor for lung cancer , 2013, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[34]  Y. H. Zhang,et al.  Comparison of particle number size distributions and new particle formation between the urban and rural sites in the PRD region, China , 2013 .

[35]  J. Samet,et al.  Smoking in China: findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. , 1999, JAMA.

[36]  A. Jemal,et al.  Global Cancer Statistics , 2011 .