Running head : TUTORING Meta-knowledge in Tutoring

[1]  Robert M. Gagné,et al.  The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction , 1985 .

[2]  D. Goleman Emotional Intelligence. New York (Bantam) 1995. , 1995 .

[3]  Lynn S. Fuchs,et al.  The Nature of Student Interactions During Peer Tutoring With and Without Prior Training and Experience , 1994 .

[4]  F. Heider The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[5]  Takashi Yamauchi,et al.  Learning from human tutoring , 2001, Cogn. Sci..

[6]  B. Weiner Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct , 1995 .

[7]  A. Graesser,et al.  PREG: Elements of a Model of Question Asking , 2001 .

[8]  Rod D. Roscoe,et al.  Understanding Tutor Learning: Knowledge-Building and Knowledge-Telling in Peer Tutors’ Explanations and Questions , 2007 .

[9]  A. Graesser,et al.  Question Asking During Tutoring , 1994 .

[10]  P. Ekman,et al.  Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement , 1978 .

[11]  J. T. Dillon The remedial status of student questioning , 1988 .

[12]  M. R. Lepper,et al.  Socializing the intelligent tutor: bringing empathy to computer tutors , 1988 .

[13]  D. Norman,et al.  To Ask a Question, One Must Know Enough to Know What Is Not Known. Report No. 7802. , 1978 .

[14]  A. Graesser,et al.  LEARNING WHILE HOLDING A CONVERSATION WITH A COMPUTER , 2005 .

[15]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  AutoTutor: A simulation of a human tutor , 1999, Cognitive Systems Research.

[16]  C. Carver,et al.  Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. , 2004, Emotion.

[17]  Arthur Graesser,et al.  Autotutor Learning through Natural Language Dialogue that Adapts to the Cognitive and Affective States of the Learner , .

[18]  B. Rogoff,et al.  Adult guidance of cognitive development. , 1984 .

[19]  Diane J. Litman,et al.  ITSPOKE: An Intelligent Tutoring Spoken Dialogue System , 2004, NAACL.

[20]  A. Graesser,et al.  Computerized Learning Environments That Incorporate Research in Discourse Psychology, Cognitive Science, and Computational Linguistics. , 2005 .

[21]  H. Mehan,et al.  Learning Lessons, Social Organization in the Classroom , 1979 .

[22]  Douglas J. Hacker,et al.  Metacognition in educational theory and practice. , 1998 .

[23]  M. Pickering,et al.  Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue , 2004, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[24]  Michael Drake,et al.  Scaffolding techniques of expert human tutors. , 1997 .

[25]  B. Bloom The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring , 1984 .

[26]  D. C. Merrill,et al.  Tutoring: Guided Learning by Doing , 1995 .

[27]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Emotions and Learning with AutoTutor , 2007, AIED.

[28]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  When Are Tutorial Dialogues More Effective Than Reading? , 2007, Cogn. Sci..

[29]  Stanley Peters,et al.  Intelligent Systems for Training Damage Control Assistants , 2004 .

[30]  D. K. Meyer,et al.  Re-conceptualizing Emotion and Motivation to Learn in Classroom Contexts , 2006 .

[31]  John Dunlosky,et al.  What constrains the accuracy of metacomprehension judgments? Testing the transfer-appropriate-monitoring and accessibility hypotheses , 2005 .

[32]  M. Chi,et al.  Can Tutors Monitor Students' Understanding Accurately? , 2004 .

[33]  L. Baker,et al.  Differences in the Standards Used by College Students to Evaluate Their Comprehension of Expository Prose. , 1985 .

[34]  V. Shute Focus on Formative Feedback. Research Report. ETS RR-07-11. , 2007 .

[35]  J. Dunlosky,et al.  Metacomprehension A Brief History and How to Improve Its Accuracy , 2007 .

[36]  Brandon G. King,et al.  Facial Features for Affective State Detection in Learning Environments , 2007 .

[37]  Susan E. Newman,et al.  Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Craft of Reading, Writing, and Mathematics. Technical Report No. 403. , 1987 .

[38]  Chen-Lin C. Kulik,et al.  Educational Outcomes of Tutoring: A Meta-analysis of Findings , 1982 .

[39]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  The Paradox of Achievement , 2002 .

[40]  Eleanor H. Warnock,et al.  Reasoning from Incomplete Knowledge. , 1975 .

[41]  Michelene T.H. Chi,et al.  Learning from Observing Tutoring Collaboratively , 2006 .

[42]  K. Topping The effectiveness of peer tutoring in further and higher education: A typology and review of the literature , 1996 .

[43]  Mark R. Lepper,et al.  The wisdom of practice: Lessons learned from the study of highly effective tutors. , 2002 .

[44]  Cristina Conati,et al.  Probabilistic assessment of user's emotions in educational games , 2002, Appl. Artif. Intell..

[45]  A. Glenberg,et al.  The illusion of knowing: Failure in the self-assessment of comprehension , 1982 .

[46]  H. Meij Question asking: To know that you do not know is not enough. , 1990 .

[47]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Toward an Affect-Sensitive AutoTutor , 2007, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[48]  Elizabeth A. Linnenbrink,et al.  The Role of Motivational Beliefs in Conceptual Change , 2002 .

[49]  P. Pintrich The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. , 2000 .

[50]  Michelene T. H. Chi,et al.  Self-Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning To Solve Problems. Technical Report No. 9. , 1987 .

[51]  J. Metcalfe,et al.  A Region of Proximal Learning Model of Study Time Allocation Journal of Memory and Language , 2005 .

[52]  Heather H. Mitchell,et al.  AutoTutor: A tutor with dialogue in natural language , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[53]  Norman I. Badler,et al.  Creating Interactive Virtual Humans: Some Assembly Required , 2002, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[54]  Winslow Burleson,et al.  Affective agents: Sustaining motivation to learn through failure and state of "stuck" , 2004 .

[55]  M. Lepper,et al.  Turning “play” into “work” and “work” into “play”: 25 Years of research on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation , 2000 .

[56]  Philip H. Winne,et al.  Self-regulated learning viewed from models of information processing. , 2001 .

[57]  Douglas J. Hacker Definitions and Empirical Foundations , 1998 .

[58]  R. Azevedo,et al.  Does training on self-regulated learning facilitate students' learning with hypermedia? , 2004 .

[59]  Roger Azevedo,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction , 1995 .

[60]  James Paul Gee,et al.  What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy , 2007, CIE.

[61]  Cs Dweck,et al.  Messages that motivate: How praise molds students’ beliefs, motivation, and performance (in surprising ways). Aronson (Ed.), Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education (pp. ). Amsterdam: Academic Press. , 2002 .

[62]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Predicting Affective States expressed through an Emote-Aloud Procedure from AutoTutor's Mixed-Initiative Dialogue , 2006, Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ..

[63]  R. Slavin Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research and Practice , 1990 .

[64]  M. Clifford Risk Taking: Theoretical, Empirical, and Educational Considerations , 1991 .

[65]  C. Stasz,et al.  Tutoring Techniques in Algebra , 1990 .

[66]  Rachel M. Pilkington,et al.  Interacting with computer-based simulation: The role of dialogue , 1996, Comput. Educ..

[67]  Scotty D. Craig,et al.  Affect and learning: An exploratory look into the role of affect in learning with AutoTutor , 2004 .

[68]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Teaching Tactics and Dialog in AutoTutor , 2001 .

[69]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Intelligent Tutoring Systems with Conversational Dialogue , 2001, AI Mag..

[70]  A. King,et al.  Mutual peer tutoring: Effects of structuring tutorial interaction to scaffold peer learning. , 1998 .

[71]  Brent A. Olde,et al.  How does one know whether a person understands a device? The quality of the questions the person asks when the device breaks down. , 2003 .

[72]  B. Rogoff Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context , 1990 .

[73]  Rolf A. Zwaan,et al.  Pragmatics and Pedagogy: Conversational Rules and Politeness Strategies May Inhibit Effective Tutoring , 1995 .

[74]  R. Azevedo Computer Environments as Metacognitive Tools for Enhancing Learning , 2005 .

[75]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Question asking and eye tracking during cognitive disequilibrium: Comprehending illustrated texts on devices when the devices break down , 2005, Memory & cognition.

[76]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Implementing Cooperative Learning. , 1992 .

[77]  Helen Pain,et al.  Informing the Detection of the Students' Motivational State: An Empirical Study , 2002, Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

[78]  Joseph P. Magliano,et al.  Collaborative dialogue patterns in naturalistic one-to-one tutoring , 1995 .

[79]  Amy M. Witherspoon,et al.  Detection of Emotions during Learning with AutoTutor , 2006 .

[80]  Ruth H. Maki,et al.  Test predictions over text material. , 1998 .

[81]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  The Relationship between Affective States and Dialog Patterns during Interactions with AutoTutor , 2005 .

[82]  Joel A. Michael,et al.  Classifying Student Initiatives and Tutor Responses in Human Keyboard-to-Keyboard Tutoring Sessions , 2002 .

[83]  J. Fantuzzo,et al.  Peer-assisted learning interventions with elementary school students: A meta-analytic review. , 2003 .

[84]  R. W. Kulhavy,et al.  Feedback in written instruction: The place of response certitude , 1989 .

[85]  K. VanLehn,et al.  Scaffolding Deep Comprehension Strategies Through Point&Query, AutoTutor, and iSTART , 2005 .

[86]  H. H. Clark,et al.  Understanding by addressees and overhearers , 1989, Cognitive Psychology.

[87]  K. Scherer Vocal affect expression: a review and a model for future research. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.

[88]  B. Zimmerman Theories of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview and Analysis , 2001 .

[89]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Automatic detection of learner’s affect from conversational cues , 2008, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction.

[90]  K. VanLehn,et al.  Why Do Only Some Events Cause Learning During Human Tutoring? , 2003 .

[91]  Debra K. Meyer,et al.  Discovering Emotion in Classroom Motivation Research , 2002 .