Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments

Elevated CO2 and temperature strongly affect crop production, but understanding of the crop response to combined CO2 and temperature increases under field conditions is still limited while data are scarce. We grew wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under two levels of CO2 (ambient and enriched up to 500 μmol mol(-1) ) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5-2.0 °C) in free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems and carried out a detailed growth and yield component analysis during two growing seasons for both crops. An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops. An increase in CO2 was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice. Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10-12% and 17-35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature. The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature in wheat and rice. Our data showed complex treatment effects on the interplay between preheading duration, nitrogen uptake, tillering, leaf area index, and radiation-use efficiency, and thus on yield components and yield. Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops. For rice, however, a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m(2) and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility) at high temperature is also required to prevent yield reduction under conditions of global change.

[1]  S. Long,et al.  Food for Thought: Lower-Than-Expected Crop Yield Stimulation with Rising CO2 Concentrations , 2006, Science.

[2]  J. Porter,et al.  Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review , 1999 .

[3]  B. Kimball.  Comment on 'improving ecophysiological simulation models to predict the impact of elevated CO(2) concentration on crop productivity' by X. Yin. , 2013, Annals of botany.

[4]  Victor O. Sadras,et al.  Modelled wheat phenology captures rising temperature trends: Shortened time to flowering and maturity in Australia and Argentina , 2006 .

[5]  A. Thomson,et al.  Climate Impacts on Agriculture: Implications for Crop Production , 2011 .

[6]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  Improving ecophysiological simulation models to predict the impact of elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration on crop productivity. , 2013, Annals of botany.

[7]  A. Ruane,et al.  Uncertainties in predicting rice yield by current crop models under a wide range of climatic conditions , 2015, Global change biology.

[8]  P. C. Struik,et al.  Leaf photosynthesis and respiration of three bioenergy crops in relation to temperature and leaf nitrogen: how conserved are biochemical model parameters among crop species? , 2011, Journal of experimental botany.

[9]  S. Long,et al.  What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. , 2004, The New phytologist.

[10]  Kazuyuki Yagi,et al.  Rice carbon balance under elevated CO2 , 2001 .

[11]  P. Jamieson,et al.  Drought influences on grain yield of barley, wheat, and maize , 1995 .

[12]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  Some quantitative relationships between leaf area index and canopy nitrogen content and distribution. , 2003, Annals of botany.

[13]  S. Fang,et al.  Infrared Warming Reduced Winter Wheat Yields and Some Physiological Parameters, Which Were Mitigated by Irrigation and Worsened by Delayed Sowing , 2013, PloS one.

[14]  Lewis H. Ziska,et al.  Growth dynamics and genotypic variation in tropical, field‐grown paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to increasing carbon dioxide and temperature , 1998 .

[15]  Masumi Okada,et al.  Seasonal changes in the effects of elevated CO2 on rice at three levels of nitrogen supply: a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment , 2003 .

[16]  U. Lele.  Food Security for a Billion Poor , 2010, Science.

[17]  Kuniyuki Saitoh,et al.  Effects of High Temperature on Growth, Yield and Dry-Matter Production of Rice Grown in the Paddy Field , 2007 .

[18]  L. Ziska,et al.  Growth and yield response of field-grown tropical rice to increasing carbon dioxide and air temperature , 1997 .

[19]  W. Cheng,et al.  Interactions of elevated [CO2] and night temperature on rice growth and yield , 2009 .

[20]  G. Pan,et al.  Short-term responses of microbial community and functioning to experimental CO2 enrichment and warming in a Chinese paddy field , 2014 .

[21]  A. Makino.  Photosynthesis, Grain Yield, and Nitrogen Utilization in Rice and Wheat1 , 2010, Plant Physiology.

[22]  J. A. Bunce.  Responses of cotton and wheat photosynthesis and growth to cyclic variation in carbon dioxide concentration , 2012, Photosynthetica.

[23]  H. Nakagawa,et al.  Effects of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Growth and Yield of Rice : II. The effect on yield and its components of Akihikari rice , 1996 .

[24]  R. Sameshima,et al.  Rice cultivar responses to elevated CO2 at two free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) sites in Japan. , 2013, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[25]  G. Pan,et al.  Availability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus under elevated [CO2] and temperature in the Taihu Lake region, China , 2014 .

[26]  P. Craufurd,et al.  Climate change and the flowering time of annual crops. , 2009, Journal of experimental botany.

[27]  Takeshi Horie,et al.  Effects of high temperature and CO2 concentration on spikelet sterility in indica rice , 1997 .

[28]  Gang Liu,et al.  The impact of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and N supply on yield formation of rice crops with large panicle , 2006 .

[29]  H. Yoshida,et al.  A model explaining genotypic and environmental variation of rice spikelet number per unit area measured by cross-locational experiments in Asia , 2006 .

[30]  P. V. Vara Prasad,et al.  Temperature variability and the yield of annual crops , 2000 .

[31]  L. H. Allen,et al.  Species, ecotype and cultivar differences in spikelet fertility and harvest index of rice in response to high temperature stress , 2006 .

[32]  Z. Ouyang,et al.  Is the change of winter wheat yield under warming caused by shortened reproductive period? , 2012, Ecology and evolution.

[33]  K. Kobayashi,et al.  Enhancement of rice canopy carbon gain by elevated CO(2) is sensitive to growth stage and leaf nitrogen concentration. , 2006, The New phytologist.

[34]  Linda Westin,et al.  Norbin Is an Endogenous Regulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Signaling , 2009, Science.

[35]  K. Kobayashi,et al.  Rice yield enhancement by elevated CO2 is reduced in cool weather , 2007 .

[36]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  Accounting for the decrease of photosystem photochemical efficiency with increasing irradiance to estimate quantum yield of leaf photosynthesis , 2014, Photosynthesis Research.

[37]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  A nonlinear model for crop development as a function of temperature , 1995 .

[38]  R. Mitchell,et al.  Effects of increased CO2 concentration and temperature on growth and yield of winter wheat at two levels of nitrogen application , 1993 .

[39]  B. Kimball,et al.  Theory and performance of an infrared heater for ecosystem warming , 2005 .

[40]  J. Morison,et al.  Interactions between increasing CO2 concentration and temperature on plant growth , 1999 .

[41]  Gang Liu,et al.  Responses of rice and winter wheat to free-air CO2 enrichment (China FACE) at rice/wheat rotation system , 2007, Plant and Soil.

[42]  M. Lieffering,et al.  Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on the yield of temperate paddy rice crops , 2003 .

[43]  W. Weerakoon,et al.  Atmospheric CO2 concentration effects on N partitioning and fertilizer N recovery in field grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) , 2005 .

[44]  Tianyi Zhang,et al.  Climate warming over the past three decades has shortened rice growth duration in China and cultivar shifts have further accelerated the process for late rice , 2013, Global change biology.

[45]  M. Lieffering,et al.  Paddy Rice Responses to Free-Air [CO2] Enrichment , 2005 .

[46]  Yantai Gan,et al.  Phenological trends in winter wheat and spring cotton in response to climate changes in northwest China , 2008 .

[47]  Gang Liu,et al.  Yield formation of CO2-enriched hybrid rice cultivar Shanyou 63 under fully open-air field conditions , 2008 .

[48]  J. Bunce,et al.  Effects of pulses of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in wheat and rice. , 2013, Physiologia plantarum.

[49]  Donald R Ort,et al.  Canopy warming caused photosynthetic acclimation and reduced seed yield in maize grown at ambient and elevated [CO2] , 2015, Global change biology.

[50]  J. Porter,et al.  Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review , 2014, Global change biology.

[51]  M. Bindi,et al.  [Responses of agricultural crops of free-air CO2 enrichment]. , 2002, Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology.

[52]  Annette Menzel,et al.  Trends and temperature response in the phenology of crops in Germany , 2007 .

[53]  A. Deng,et al.  Climatic Warming Increases Winter Wheat Yield but Reduces Grain Nitrogen Concentration in East China , 2014, PloS one.

[54]  Weijian Zhang,et al.  Responses of biomass growth and grain yield of midseason rice to the anticipated warming with FATI facility in East China , 2011 .

[55]  K. R. Reddy,et al.  Crop ecosystem responses to climatic change: rice. , 2000 .

[56]  T. Lawson,et al.  Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of potatoes grown under elevated CO2 and/or O3—results from the European CHIP-programme , 2002 .

[57]  B. Kimball.  Carbon Dioxide and Agricultural Yield: An Assemblage and Analysis of 430 Prior Observations1 , 1983 .

[58]  A. Schapendonk,et al.  Seasonal changes in the response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration grown in Open‐Top Chambers and field tracking enclosures , 1999 .

[59]  Kazuhiko Kobayashi,et al.  Growth and nitrogen uptake of CO2‐enriched rice under field conditions , 2001 .

[60]  J. Peñuelas,et al.  European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern , 2006 .

[61]  P. Bilsborrow,et al.  Effect of sulphur fertilisation on the growth and metabolism of sugar beet grown on soils of differing sulphur status , 2003 .

[62]  Stephen P. Long,et al.  Modification of the response of photosynthetic productivity to rising temperature by atmospheric CO2 concentrations: Has its importance been underestimated? , 1991 .

[63]  J. Goudriaan,et al.  Modelling Potential Crop Growth Processes , 1994, Current Issues in Production Ecology.

[64]  B. Kimball,et al.  Infrared heater arrays for warming ecosystem field plots , 2007 .

[65]  Mark Stitt,et al.  The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition: the physiological and molecular background , 1999 .

[66]  M. Lieffering,et al.  Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) using pure CO2 injection: system description , 2001 .

[67]  R. Fischer,et al.  Post-anthesis sink size in a high-yielding dwarf wheat: Yield response to grain number , 1977 .

[68]  Kenneth J. Boote,et al.  Temperature Effects on Rice at Elevated CO2 Concentration , 1992 .

[69]  L. Ziska,et al.  Intraspecific variation in the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to increased CO2 and temperature: growth and yield response of 17 cultivars , 1996 .

[70]  P. Craufurd,et al.  High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.). , 2007, Journal of experimental botany.

[71]  N. Seligman,et al.  Response of Spikelet Number to Plant Nitrogen Concentration and Dry Weight in Paddy Rice , 1994 .

[72]  Takeshi Nagai,et al.  Differences Between Rice and Wheat in Temperature Responses of Photosynthesis and Plant Growth , 2009, Plant & cell physiology.