The Energy and Value-Added Products from Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics

Plastic usage in daily life has increased from 5 to 100 million tons per year since the 1950s due to their light-weight, non-corrosive nature, durability and cheap price. Plastic products consist mainly of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) type plastics. The disposal of plastic waste causes environmental and operational burden to landfills. Conventional mechanical recycling methods such as sorting, grinding, washing and extrusion can recycle only 15–20 % of all plastic waste. The use of open or uncontrolled incineration or combustion of plastic waste has resulted in air and waterborne pollutants. Recently, pyrolysis technology with catalytic reforming is being used to convert plastic waste into liquid oil and char as energy and value-added products. Pyrolysis is one of the tertiary recycling techniques in which plastic polymers are broken down into smaller organic molecules (monomers) in the absence of oxygen at elevated temperatures (>400 °C). Use of catalysts such as aluminum oxides, natural and synthetic zeolites, fly ash, calcium hydroxide, and red mud can improve the yield and quality of liquid oil. The pyrolysis yield depends on a number of parameters such as temperature, heating rate, moisture contents, retention time, type of plastic and particle size. A yield of up to 80 % of liquid oil by weight can be achieved from plastic waste. The produced liquid oil has similar characteristics to conventional diesel; density (0.8 kg/m3), viscosity (up to 2.96 mm2/s), cloud point (−18 °C), flash point (30.5 °C) and energy content (41.58 MJ/kg). Char produced from pyrolysis can be activated at standard conditions to be used in wastewater treatment, heavy metals removal, and smoke and odor removal. The produced gases from pyrolysis are hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and can be used as energy carriers. This chapter reviews the challenges and, perspectives of pyrolysis technology for production of energy and value-added products from waste plastics.

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