Carl Liebermeister (1833–1901): A Pioneer of the Investigation and Treatment of Fever and the Developer of a Statistical Test

In the second half of the nineteenth century, when the typical course of various febrile clinical phenomena was found to be specific to particular infectious diseases, Carl Liebermeister successfully pioneered the investigation of the pathophysiology of fever and the regulation of body temperature. He applied biophysical and pharmacological antipyresis, especially for the treatment of typhoid fever, and developed new statistical tools for the evaluation of therapeutic results.

[1]  L. Leon.  Invited review: cytokine regulation of fever: studies using gene knockout mice. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[2]  K. Cooper.  Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[3]  J. Mercer,et al.  Lessons from the past—human and animal thermal physiology , 2001 .

[4]  D. Aronoff,et al.  Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression. , 2001, The American journal of medicine.

[5]  Eugene Seneta,et al.  On the Comparison of Two Observed Frequencies , 2001 .

[6]  J. Forrester.  The origins and fate of James Currie's cold water treatment for fever. , 2000, Medical History.

[7]  H. Eichler,et al.  Acetaminophen has Greater Antipyretic Efficacy than Aspirin in Endotoxemia: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial , 1999, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[8]  Eugene Seneta,et al.  Carl Liebermeister's hypergeometric tails , 1994 .

[9]  R. Ineichen.  Der “Vierfeldertest” von Carl Liebermeister (Bemerkungen zur Entwicklung der medizinischen Statistik im 19. Jahrhundert) , 1994 .

[10]  H. O. Lancaster,et al.  Quantitative Methods in Biological and Medical Sciences , 1994, Springer New York.

[11]  M. Kluger.  Fever: Role of Pyrogens and Cryogens , 1991, Physiological reviews.

[12]  J. McTavish.  Antipyretic treatment and typhoid fever: 1860-1900. , 1987, Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences.

[13]  O. Sheynin.  On the history of medical statistics , 1982, Archive for history of exact sciences.

[14]  Koelbing Hm.  [Carl Liebermeister (1833-1901), the 1st head physician of the medical university clinics of Basel]. , 1969 .

[15]  F. Martius.  Die numerische Methode (Statistik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung auf die Medicin , 1881 .