Hysteresis compensation in PZT bimorph mirrors: Preisach's classical and non-linear models

A number of reflective wavefront correctors used in adaptive optics are based on the use of piezoelectric effect, either in piston, tip/tilt or curvature devices. The relation between the voltage applied to drive these devices and the mechanical response always presents hysteresis to some extent. In this work we study the performance of Preisach's classical and non-linear models of hysteresis on a bimorph mirror, which is a curvature device, but both models can also be applied to piston and tip/tilt devices. Bimorph mirrors with PZT actuators and a passive glass substrate were tested in an adaptive optics test-bed (AOTB) using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. First- and second-order reversal curves were sampled uniformly in Preisach space, and interpolation algorithms were implemented to test Preisach's classical and non-linear forward models respectively. Then, arbitrary voltage configuration sequences were applied to the mirror and the responses were recorded. Finally, the inversion of the models was implemented and included in the AOTB linear control algorithm to test the closed-loop performance. We found that both hysteresis models provide a similar improvement in the open-loop error. The improvement estimation depends on the particular sequence applied, the number of samples of the Preisach function and noise among other factors. Finally, we present data showing that the hysteretic behavior in a multi-electrode mirror is, within experimental error, independent of the electrode geometry, area and location.