Assessment of the impacts of the renewable energy and ICT driven energy transition on distribution networks

The shift to more renewable electricity generation, electrification of heating and transportation and the rise of ICT and energy storage lead to changes in the distribution of electricity. To facilitate the transition towards a clean sustainable power system distribution network operators are required to act proactively to these changes. To optimally capitalise on these changes it is imperative to have a clear and complete overview of the main developments and their effects on the distribution network. The technical, social, regulatory and economical effects of the renewable energy and ICT driven energy transition are discussed based on requirements which the distribution network should comply with. The discussed technologies all have effects on multiple requirements for the distribution network and the mitigation of unwanted effects should be assessed on these areas simultaneously. This can ensure that the future distribution network is best equipped to deal with the renewable energy and ICT driven energy transition. The overview of the requirements shows that the capacity, regulation and power quality are the main requirements which are affected by the renewable energy and ICT driven energy transition.

[1]  Roy Billinton,et al.  Reliability evaluation of generating systems containing wind power and energy storage , 2009 .

[2]  Wil L. Kling,et al.  Flicker responses of different lamp types , 2009 .

[3]  Rolf Künneke,et al.  Electricity networks: how 'natural' is the monopoly? , 1999 .

[4]  Edward M. Gulachenski,et al.  Cloud Effects on Distributed Photovoltaic Generation: Slow Transients at the Gardner, Massachusetts Photovoltaic Experiment , 1989, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[5]  A.M. Foley,et al.  State-of-the-art in electric vehicle charging infrastructure , 2010, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[6]  M. Tartaglia,et al.  Electrical Impact of Photovoltaic Plant in Distributed Network , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[7]  Peter Bach Andersen,et al.  Prediction and optimization methods for electric vehicle charging schedules in the EDISON project , 2012, 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[8]  Hamed Mohsenian Rad,et al.  Optimal Residential Load Control With Price Prediction in Real-Time Electricity Pricing Environments , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[9]  Pertti Järventausta,et al.  Power quality monitoring as integrated with distribution automation , 2001 .

[10]  J. F. G. Cobben,et al.  Overloading protection of future low voltage distribution networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech.

[11]  A. Oudalov,et al.  Sizing and Optimal Operation of Battery Energy Storage System for Peak Shaving Application , 2007, 2007 IEEE Lausanne Power Tech.

[12]  E. C. Kern,et al.  Cloud effects on distributed photovoltaic generation , 1989 .

[13]  Paul Denholm,et al.  Evaluating the limits of solar photovoltaics (PV) in electric power systems utilizing energy storage and other enabling technologies , 2007 .

[14]  Hamid Sharif,et al.  A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges , 2013, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[15]  Natalie Prüggler,et al.  Economic potential of demand response at household level—Are Central-European market conditions sufficient? , 2013 .

[16]  I. Azcarate,et al.  Sensitivity to flicker of dimmable and non-dimmable lamps , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings.

[17]  Jin-O Kim,et al.  Reliability Evaluation of Customers in a Microgrid , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  Mohammed H. Albadi,et al.  Demand Response in Electricity Markets: An Overview , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[19]  Jacob H. Stang,et al.  Load prediction method for heat and electricity demand in buildings for the purpose of planning for mixed energy distribution systems , 2008 .

[20]  M. Barnes,et al.  Safety analysis of a microgrid , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems.

[21]  M. Granger Morgan,et al.  The Regulatory Environment for Small Independent Micro-Grid Companies , 2002 .

[22]  Manuel A. Matos,et al.  Regulation of microgeneration and microgrids , 2008 .

[23]  Severin Borenstein,et al.  Wealth Transfers Among Large Customers from Implementing Real-Time Retail Electricity Pricing , 2007 .

[24]  Jaime Campos,et al.  Development in the application of ICT in condition monitoring and maintenance , 2009, Comput. Ind..

[25]  Maurizio Delfanti,et al.  Changing the regulation for regulating the change: Innovation-driven regulatory developments for smart grids, smart metering and e-mobility in Italy , 2013 .

[26]  Abdallah Shami,et al.  A Comprehensive Investigation of Wireless LAN for IEC 61850–Based Smart Distribution Substation Applications , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[27]  Deepak Divan,et al.  Distributed FACTS - A New Concept for Realizing Grid Power Flow Control , 2005 .

[28]  M.J. Riezenman,et al.  Electric vehicles , 1992, IEEE Spectrum.

[29]  S. Perera,et al.  Flicker propagation analysis in distribution networks with embedded generation , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON).

[30]  Yun Seng Lim,et al.  Experimental study on flicker emissions by photovoltaic systems on highly cloudy region: A case study in Malaysia , 2014 .

[31]  Dragan S. Popovic,et al.  The optimal automation level of medium voltage distribution networks , 2011 .

[32]  Mahesh Sooriyabandara,et al.  Smart Grid Communications: Overview of Research Challenges, Solutions, and Standardization Activities , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[33]  S. D. Sudhoff,et al.  A Power Electronic-Based Distribution Transformer , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[34]  David Infield,et al.  Impact of widespread photovoltaics generation on distribution systems , 2007 .

[35]  N. Chitra,et al.  Power quality enhancement in microgrid - A survey , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT).

[36]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Flexible Active Power Control of Distributed Power Generation Systems During Grid Faults , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[37]  Nils Borg,et al.  Energy-efficient lighting programs: Experience and lessons from eight countries , 1998 .

[38]  Y. Baghzouz,et al.  Impact of high PV penetration on voltage regulation in electrical distribution systems , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP).

[39]  Davide Della Giustina,et al.  Use case analysis of real-time low voltage network management , 2011, 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies.

[40]  Jovica V. Milanovic,et al.  Assessment of techno-economic contribution of FACTS devices to power system operation , 2010 .

[41]  Navid Nikaein,et al.  Latency for Real-Time Machine-to-Machine Communication in LTE-Based System Architecture , 2011, EW.

[42]  F. Sioshansi.  Demand-side management: The third wave , 1995 .

[43]  Georgios Kalogridis,et al.  Privacy for Smart Meters: Towards Undetectable Appliance Load Signatures , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[44]  R. Azami,et al.  Impact of demand response programs on system and nodal reliability of a deregulated power system , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies.

[45]  Ranjit Kumar,et al.  Smart grid: An electricity market perspective , 2011, ISGT 2011.

[46]  Peter Palensky,et al.  Demand Side Management: Demand Response, Intelligent Energy Systems, and Smart Loads , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[47]  A. Oudalov,et al.  Value Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Applications in Power Systems , 2006, 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[48]  Goran Strbac,et al.  Demand side management: Benefits and challenges ☆ , 2008 .

[49]  Robert Bruninga,et al.  Charging EVs Efficiently NOW While Waiting for the Smart Grid , 2013, 2013 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech).

[50]  Tooraj Jamasb,et al.  Distributed Generation Storage, Demand Response, and Energy Efficiency as Alternatives to Grid Capacity Enhancement , 2014 .

[51]  Michel Luis Rivier Abbad,et al.  Regulatory framework and business models for charging plug-in electric vehicles: Infrastructure, agents, and commercial relationships , 2011 .

[52]  Ming Yu,et al.  Smart grid communications: Modeling and validation , 2016, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[53]  Marija D. Ilic,et al.  Network Impacts and Cost Savings of Controlled EV Charging , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[54]  Luis Ochoa,et al.  Minimizing Energy Losses: Optimal Accommodation and Smart Operation of Renewable Distributed Generation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[55]  Wil L. Kling,et al.  Addressing LV network power quality issues through the implementation of a microgrid , 2010 .

[56]  Martijn Brons,et al.  Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles. Market penetration scenarios of electric drive vehicles , 2010 .

[57]  A. Keane,et al.  Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[58]  Anna Filomena Carbone,et al.  Power Grid Complexity , 2011 .

[59]  P.J.M. Heskes,et al.  Harmonic interaction between a large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution network , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[60]  M. M. Morcos,et al.  Flicker Sources and Mitigation , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[61]  Joshua Stein,et al.  Technology development needs for integrated grid-connected PV systems and electric energy storage , 2009, 2009 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC).

[62]  Geert Deconinck,et al.  Securing Electricity Supply in the Cyber Age: Exploring the Risks of Information and Communication Technology in Tomorrow's Electricity Infrastructure , 2010 .

[63]  Masera Marcelo,et al.  Chapter 10 - The Way Forward , 2010 .

[64]  Jin-ho Kim,et al.  Common failures of demand response , 2011 .

[65]  David F. Pyke,et al.  Electric vehicles: The role and importance of standards in an emerging market , 2010 .

[66]  G. Joós,et al.  Evaluation of the costs and benefits of Microgrids with consideration of services beyond energy supply , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[67]  Mike Barnes,et al.  Power quality and stability improvement of a wind farm using STATCOM supported with hybrid battery energy storage , 2006 .

[68]  T.C. Green,et al.  Energy Management in Autonomous Microgrid Using Stability-Constrained Droop Control of Inverters , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[69]  Stephanie Ropenus,et al.  Market and regulatory incentives for cost efficient integration of DG in the electricity system , 2010 .

[70]  James Northcote-Green,et al.  Control and automation of electrical power distribution systems , 2006 .

[71]  J. Mitra,et al.  Determination of Storage Required to Meet Reliability Guarantees on Island-Capable Microgrids With Intermittent Sources , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[72]  E. J. Holmes,et al.  Electricity Distribution Network Design , 1989 .

[73]  Kenneth S. Smith,et al.  Smart Grid technology review within the Transmission and Distribution sector , 2010, 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe).

[74]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Power Management and Power Flow Control With Back-to-Back Converters in a Utility Connected Microgrid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[75]  Rafael Cossent,et al.  Improvements in current European network regulation to facilitate the integration of distributed generation , 2009 .