Modeling L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Through Dielectric Changes in Soil Moisture and Vegetation Over Shrublands

L-band airborne synthetic aperture radar observations were made over California shrublands to better understand the effects of soil and vegetation parameters on backscattering coefficient <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $(\sigma ^{0})$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Temporal changes in <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma ^{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of up to 3 dB were highly correlated to surface soil moisture but not to vegetation, even though vegetation water content (VWC) varied seasonally by a factor of two. HH was always greater than VV, suggesting the importance of double-bounce scattering by the woody parts. However, the geometric and dielectric properties of the woody parts did not vary significantly over time. Instead the changes in VWC occurred primarily in thin leaves that may not meaningfully influence absorption and scattering. A physically based model for single scattering by discrete elements of plants successfully simulated the magnitude of the temporal variations in HH, VV, and HH/VV with a difference of less than 0.9 dB for both the mean and standard deviation when compared with the airborne data. In order to simulate the observations, the VWC input of the plant to the model was formulated as a function of plant's dielectric property (water fraction) while the plant geometry remains static in time. In comparison, when the VWC input was characterized by the geometry of a growing plant, the model performed poorly in describing the observed patterns in the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma ^{0}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> changes. The modeling results offer explanation of the observation that soil moisture correlated highly with <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma ^{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: the dominant mechanisms for HH and VV are double-bounce scattering by trunk, and soil surface scattering, respectively. The time-series inversion of the physical model was able to retrieve soil moisture with the difference of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$- {\text{0.037}}\, \text{m}^{3}{/ \text{m}}^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (mean), <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\text{0.025}}\, \text{m}^{3}{/ \text{m}}^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (standard deviation), and 0.89 (correlation), which demonstrates the efficacy of the model-based time-series soil moisture retrieval for shrublands.