Determination of X-ray flux using silicon pin diodes

Accurate measurement of photon flux from an X-ray source is a parameter required to calculate the dose absorbed by a sample. The development of a model for determining the photon flux incident on pin diodes, and experiments to test this model, are described for incident energies between 4 and 18 keV used in macromolecular crystallography.

[1]  A. Cohen,et al.  Beamstop with integrated X-ray sensor. , 2003, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[2]  Elspeth F Garman,et al.  Absorbed dose calculations for macromolecular crystals: improvements to RADDOSE. , 2009, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[3]  良二 上田.  J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して , 1970 .

[4]  S. Harrison,et al.  How does radiation damage in protein crystals depend on X-ray dose? , 2003, Structure.

[5]  Frank Scholze,et al.  Determination of the electron–hole pair creation energy for semiconductors from the spectral responsivity of photodiodes , 2000 .

[6]  Ana Gonzalez,et al.  Web-Ice: Integrated Data Collection and Analysis for Macromolecular Crystallography , 2008 .

[7]  James W. Murray,et al.  X-ray absorption by macromolecular crystals: the effects of wavelength and crystal composition on absorbed dose , 2004 .

[8]  N. Nariyama.  Characteristics of a miniature parallel-plate free-air ionization chamber for measuring the intensity of synchrotron radiation from an undulator , 2004 .

[9]  S. Griffis.  EDITOR , 1997, Journal of Navigation.

[10]  Frank Scholze,et al.  Calibration and characterization of semiconductor X-ray detectors with synchrotron radiation , 2006 .

[11]  A. Somogyi,et al.  Miniature ionization chamber detector developed for X-ray microprobe measurements. , 2003, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[12]  M. J. van der Woerd,et al.  Non-invasive measurement of X-ray beam heating on a surrogate crystal sample. , 2007, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[13]  S. Bloom,et al.  Electron-Hole-Pair Creation Energies in Semiconductors , 1975 .

[14]  R. Ravelli,et al.  Radiation damage in macromolecular cryocrystallography. , 2006, Current opinion in structural biology.

[15]  G. Lutz,et al.  Semiconductor Radiation Detectors , 2007 .

[16]  N. Nariyama.  Ion recombination in parallel-plate free-air ionization chambers for synchrotron radiation , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  E. Gullikson,et al.  Large-area avalanche photodiodes for the detection of soft x rays. , 1995, Applied optics.

[18]  T. Jach,et al.  PIN diodes as detectors in the energy region 500 eV–10 keV , 1983 .

[19]  F. Rotella,et al.  An Incident-Beam Monitor for Use in Protein Crystallography at a Synchrotron Source , 1997 .