Visitor perceptions of alternative transportation systems and intelligent transportation systems in national parks

Visitor Perceptions of Alternative Transportation Systems and Intelligent Transportation Systems in National Parks. (August 2003) Virginia Ann Dilworth, B.S., California State University at Sacramento; MBA, Bentley College Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. C. Scott Shafer This dissertation examines the potential use of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and alternative transportation systems (ATS) in national parks. Visitors at two of the national park units in California, Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GOGA) and Sequoia and Kings Canyons National Parks (SEKI), were surveyed during May and July 2002 regarding their attitudes and intentions toward a variety of transportation and travel planning items (including ITS and ATS tools). There were three principal areas of inquiry: attitude toward transportation and travel planning tools, likelihood of using transportation and travel planning tools, and the difference between intentions for using tools before arriving at the study parks and while at the study parks. The results revealed several key findings. First, there was substantial support for the relationship between attitudes and intentions. Furthermore, both experience with technology and attitude toward technology were predictive of intention to use technology in the study parks. Third, there was a significant difference between the

[1]  T. Heberlein,et al.  Social Status, Self-Development, and the Process of Sailing Specialization , 1997 .

[2]  Stuart A. Game.  Too much time , 1988 .

[3]  Jane Smith.  Letter from the Director , 1991 .

[4]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  The Use of Microcomputers for Park Trail Information Dissemination , 1987 .

[5]  Hani S. Mahmassani.  Traveler behavior and intelligent transportation systems , 1999 .

[6]  D. Cole,et al.  Number of Encounters and Experience Quality in Grand Canyon Backcountry: Consistently Negative and Weak Relationships , 2001 .

[7]  S. Chaiken,et al.  The psychology of attitudes. , 1993 .

[8]  Linda Bennett,et al.  A review of factors that influence the diffusion of innovation when structuring a faculty training program , 2003, Internet High. Educ..

[9]  I. Ajzen.  Nature and operation of attitudes. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[10]  Icek Ajzen,et al.  From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior , 1985 .

[11]  M. E. Patterson,et al.  Coping behavior to avoid visitor encounters: its relationship to wildland privacy. , 1991 .

[12]  R. Manning.  What to Do About Crowding and Solitude in Parks and Wilderness? A Reply to Stewart and Cole , 2003 .

[13]  W. Stroebe,et al.  Understanding AIDS preventive behavior with casual and primary partners in homosexual men: The theory of planned behavior and the information-motivation-behavioral-skills model , 2000 .

[14]  R. Manning,et al.  Crowding in Parks and Outdoor Recreation: A Theoretical, Empirical, and Managerial Analysis , 2000 .

[15]  R. Young,et al.  Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Improve the Understanding of Recreation Behavior , 1985 .

[16]  Charles D. Barrett.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[17]  Patrick Y. K. Chau,et al.  Physician acceptance of telemedicine technology: an empirical investigation. , 1999, Topics in health information management.

[18]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  Characterizing the influence of past experience on recreation behavior. , 1984 .

[19]  T. Heberlein,et al.  Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to perceived crowding: a panel study of coping and displacement. , 1992 .

[20]  Johnny Jermias,et al.  Cognitive dissonance and resistance to change: the influence of commitment confirmation and feedback on judgment usefulness of accounting systems , 2001 .

[21]  R. Lucas.  The Contribution of Environmental Research to Wilderness Policy Decisions , 1966 .

[22]  S. Wells.  Roller-coaster ride. , 1998, Nursing times.

[23]  D. Stokols.  On the distinction between density and crowding: some implications for future research. , 1972, Psychological review.

[24]  David Trafimow,et al.  Influencing Future Behavior by Priming Past Behavior: A Test in the Context of Petrified Forest National Park , 1999 .

[25]  A. Graefe,et al.  Crowding at an arts festival: extending crowding models to the frontcountry , 2003 .

[26]  J R McLeod,et al.  Keep Up the Good Work , 1990 .

[27]  R. Manning.  Crowding norms in backcountry settings: a review and synthesis. , 1985 .

[28]  J. Absher,et al.  Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings. , 1981 .

[29]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs: An application of the theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[30]  Bo Shelby,et al.  Displacement and Product Shift: Empirical Evidence from Oregon Rivers , 1988 .

[31]  Attitudinal, Social, and Practical Correlates to Fitness Behavior: A Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior , 1998 .

[32]  G. Remafedi.  Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual adolescents. , 1994, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[33]  A. Ewert,et al.  Urban-Proximate and Urban-Distant Wilderness: An Exploratory Comparison Between Two "Types" of Wilderness , 1995 .

[34]  I. Schneider,et al.  Crowding and satisfaction among visitors to a built desert attraction. , 2002 .

[35]  W. Kuentzel.  How Specialized is Specialization Research? , 2001 .

[36]  J. Gramann.  Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research , 1982 .

[37]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[38]  R. Fazio,et al.  Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of the object-evaluation association , 1982 .

[39]  The Theory of Planned Behavior as Related to Intention to Exercise and Exercise Behavior , 2001 .

[40]  Stephen F. McCool,et al.  Coping with Stress in Outdoor Recreational Settings: An Application of Transactional Stress Theory , 2003 .

[41]  L. Doob,et al.  The behavior of attitudes. , 1947, Psychological review.

[42]  J. Sample,et al.  Attitude and Prediction of Behavior , 1973 .

[43]  N. Feather.  Expectations and Actions , 2021 .

[44]  J E Lappin,et al.  WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION? IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 4 , 2000 .

[45]  Steven R. Martin.  Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers , 1997 .

[46]  G S Greer,et al.  TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CENTER , 1992 .

[47]  Jane E. Lappin.  What Have We Learned About Intelligent Transportation Systems? Chapter 4, What Have We Learned About Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Customer Satisfaction? , 2000 .

[48]  Ilan Salomon,et al.  Modeling individual's consideration of strategies to cope with congestion , 2000 .

[49]  Roger L. Moore,et al.  Recreational Specialization: A Critical Look at the Construct , 2001 .

[50]  C. McDonald,et al.  Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization. , 1992 .

[51]  M. Block,et al.  Aquatic Instructors' Beliefs Toward Inclusion: The Theory of Planned Behavior. , 2002, Adapted physical activity quarterly : APAQ.

[52]  R. Turrisi,et al.  Application of Azjen's Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Sunbathing, Tanning Salon Use, and Sunscreen Use Intentions and Behaviors , 1997, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[53]  Dorothy H. Anderson,et al.  Paddle canoeists’ encounter norms in Minnesota's boundary waters canoe area wilderness , 1996 .

[54]  Martin Fishbein,et al.  Readings in attitude theory and measurement , 1968 .

[55]  S. Biddle,et al.  Attitudes and exercise adherence: test of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour. , 1999, Journal of sports sciences.

[56]  Bo Shelby,et al.  Temporal and Spatial Displacement: Evidence from A High-Use Reservoir and Alternate Sites , 2000 .

[57]  E. Rogers.  Diffusion of preventive innovations. , 2002, Addictive behaviors.

[58]  D. R. Dixon,et al.  The behavioral side of information technology , 1999, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[59]  Alan W. Hodges,et al.  Conservation technology adoption decisions and the theory of planned behavior , 1995 .

[60]  R. Hinson,et al.  Alcohol outcome expectancies, attitudes toward drinking and the theory of planned behavior. , 1998, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[61]  Dorothy H. Anderson,et al.  The Displacement Process in Recreation , 1984 .

[62]  Edward E. Lawler,et al.  Motivation in Work Organizations , 1975 .

[63]  Edward M. Shepard,et al.  The Diffusion of Innovation in Home Building , 1996 .

[64]  M. Zanna,et al.  On the predictive validity of attitudes: The roles of direct experience and confidence1 , 1978 .

[65]  R. Speare,et al.  Traveling with children. , 1998, Journal of travel medicine.

[66]  W. Hammitt,et al.  A Theoretical Model to Measure the Appraisal and Coping Response to Hassles in Outdoor Recreation Settings , 2003 .

[67]  T. Heberlein.  Social Psychological Assumptions of User Attitude Surveys: The Case of the Wildernism Scale , 1973 .

[68]  D. Chan,et al.  Reexamining the Theory of Planned Behavior in Understanding Wastepaper Recycling , 1999 .

[69]  Matthew S. Eastin,et al.  Diffusion of e-commerce: an analysis of the adoption of four e-commerce activities , 2002, Telematics Informatics.

[70]  W. Kerry Mummery,et al.  Training Adherence in Adolescent Competitive Swimmers: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior , 1999 .

[71]  M. E. Patterson,et al.  Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. , 1990 .

[72]  Bennett K. Pierce,et al.  ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SERVICES IN RURAL TOURISM AREAS : BRANSON TRAVEL AND RECREATIONAL INFORMATION PROGRAM (MISSOURI) AND INTERSTATE 40 TRAVELER AND TOURIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (ARIZONA) : FINAL REPORT , 2000 .

[73]  J. Liker,et al.  User acceptance of expert systems: a test of the theory of reasoned action , 1997 .

[74]  W. Hammitt,et al.  Congruency among experience dimensions, condition indicators, and coping behaviors in wilderness , 1995 .

[75]  Louise Potvin,et al.  Regular Exercise in 30- to 60-Year-Old Men: Combining The Stages-of-Change Model and The Theory of Planned Behavior to Identify Determinants for Targeting Heart Health Interventions , 1997, Journal of Community Health.

[76]  P. Norman,et al.  Understanding pedestrians' road crossing decisions: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. , 1998, Health education research.

[77]  R. Clark,et al.  Values, Behavior, and Conflict in Modern Camping Culture , 1971 .

[78]  J. Dickinson,et al.  Quiet enjoyment in the National Parks of England and Wales: public understanding of the term and its influence on attitudes towards recreational activities , 2001 .

[79]  S. Mccool,et al.  Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal, and application , 1984 .

[80]  T. Heberlein,et al.  Carrying Capacity, Values, and the Satisfaction Model: A Reply to Greist , 1977 .

[81]  J. Beckmann,et al.  Action control : from cognition to behavior , 1985 .

[82]  Robert E. Manning,et al.  Visitor Experience and Resource Protection: A Framework for Managing the Carrying Capacity of National Parks , 2001 .

[83]  User Preferences for Developed-Site Camping. USDA Forest Service Research Note SE-122, December 1969. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Asheville, North Carolina. 6p. Free , 1970 .

[84]  Jerry J. Vaske,et al.  Generalizing the Encounter--Norm--Crowding Relationship , 2002 .

[85]  D. Terry,et al.  Volunteer Decision Making By Older People: A Test of a Revised Theory of Planned Behavior , 2000, Special Issue: The Social Psychology of Aging.

[86]  M. Manfredo,et al.  A test of concepts inherent in experience based setting management for outdoor recreation areas. , 1983 .

[87]  W. Hammitt,et al.  Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent , 1995 .

[88]  B. L. Driver,et al.  Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Leisure Choice. , 1992 .

[89]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[90]  Jane Klobas,et al.  Adults Learning To Use the Internet: A Longitudinal Study of Attitudes and Other Factors Associated with Intended Internet Use , 2000 .

[91]  Martin Fishbein,et al.  Application of the theory of reasoned action to the National Park Service's controlled burn policy. , 1993 .

[92]  Lary M. Dilsaver.  America's National Park System: The Critical Documents , 1994 .

[93]  Jerry J. Vaske,et al.  Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors , 1980 .

[94]  S. Iso-Ahola,et al.  The Social Psychology of Leisure and Recreation , 1980 .

[95]  J Noonan,et al.  INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY: ADVANCE TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS , 1998 .

[96]  R. Schreyer,et al.  A novice isn't necessarily a novice - the influence of experience use history on subjective perceptions of recreation participation. , 1984 .

[97]  David Pitt,et al.  Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality , 1996 .

[98]  Robert E. Manning,et al.  Crowding Norms: Alternative Measurement Approaches , 1999 .

[99]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  The Influence of Past Experience on Wilderness Choice , 1991 .

[100]  C. Shafer,et al.  User perceptions about marine wilderness on Australia's Great Barrier Reef , 1998 .

[101]  V. Dilworth.  ASSESSING NEEDS AND IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ITS APPLICATIONS IN CALIFORNIA'S NATIONAL PARKS , 2003 .

[102]  John J. Daigle,et al.  Predicting Hunting Intentions and Behavior: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior , 2001 .

[103]  Diane M. Strong,et al.  Extending the technology acceptance model with task-technology fit constructs , 1999, Inf. Manag..

[104]  A. Åstrøm,et al.  Predicting Intended and Self-perceived Sugar Restriction among Tanzanian Students using the Theory of Planned Behavior , 2001, Journal of health psychology.

[105]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Prediction of goal directed behaviour: Attitudes, intentions and perceived behavioural control , 1986 .

[106]  A. Graefe,et al.  Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding , 1983 .

[107]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  The Effect of the Experience Use History on the Multidimensional Structure of Motivations to Participate in Leisure Activities , 1990 .

[108]  S. Biddle,et al.  The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people , 2001, Journal of sports sciences.

[109]  L. L. Thurstone,et al.  The measurement of social attitudes. , 1931 .

[110]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: an application of the theory of planned behavior. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[111]  Robert E. Manning,et al.  Coping in Outdoor Recreation: Causes and Consequences of Crowding and Conflict Among Community Residents , 2001 .

[112]  S. Mccool,et al.  Wilderness campsite impacts: Do managers and visitors see them the same? , 1989 .

[113]  J. Petrick,et al.  Analysis of Golfer Motivations and Constraints by Experience Use History , 2001 .

[114]  Constance D. Frayer,et al.  California Consumer Perceptions of Potential Intelligent Transportation System Innovations , 1996 .

[115]  J. Roggenbuck,et al.  A comparison of the effectiveness of two communication strategies in dispersing wilderness campers. , 1982 .

[116]  Roger L. Moore,et al.  Predicting Motivations and Attitudes of Users of a Multi-use Suburban Trail , 2002 .

[117]  E. Shafer.  The average camper who doesn't exist , 1969 .

[118]  M. Tarrant,et al.  Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors , 1997 .

[119]  J. Stevens.  Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences , 1986 .

[120]  R. Gonzalez.  Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences , 2003 .

[121]  Mark T. Dishaw,et al.  Extending the Technology Acceptance Model , 1997 .

[122]  H. Bryan.  Leisure Value Systems and Recreational Specialization: The Case of Trout Fishermen , 1977 .

[123]  Peter C. Boxall,et al.  Past Experience and Behavioral Choice Among Wilderness Users , 1998 .

[124]  Mark Conner,et al.  Different perceptions of control: Applying an extended theory of planned behavior to legal and illegal drug use , 1999 .

[125]  D. Terry,et al.  The theory of planned behaviour: the effects of perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy. , 1995, The British journal of social psychology.

[126]  E. Shafer,et al.  Preferences for Outdoor Recreation Facilities in Four State Parks , 1965 .

[127]  A. van Knippenberg,et al.  Habit versus planned behaviour: a field experiment. , 1998, The British journal of social psychology.

[128]  J. Alan Wagar,et al.  The Carrying Capacity of Wild Lands for Recreation , 1964 .

[129]  Shu-Chu Sarrina Li,et al.  Electronic newspaper and its adopters: examining the factors influencing the adoption of electronic newspapers in Taiwan , 2003, Telematics Informatics.

[130]  Russell H. Fazio,et al.  On the consistency between attitudes and behavior: Look to the method of attitude formation , 1977 .

[131]  D. Parker,et al.  Attitudinal predictors of interpersonally aggressive violations on the road , 1998 .