Analyzing Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreads Using Strength Ratios

The writers backanalyzed 39 well-documented liquefaction-induced lateral spreads in terms of a mobilized strength ratio, su (mob)∕ σ vo ′ using the Newmark sliding block method. Based on the inverse analyses results, we found that the backcalculated strength ratios mobilized during lateral spreads can be directly correlated to normalized cone penetration test tip resistance and standard penetration test blow count. Remarkably, Newmark analysis-based strength ratios mobilized during these lateral spreads essentially coincide with liquefied strength ratios backcalculated from liquefaction flow failures. The mobilized strength ratios appear to be independent of the magnitude of lateral displacement (at least for displacements greater than 15 cm ) and the strength of shaking (in terms of peak ground acceleration). Furthermore, the mobilized strength ratios backcalculated from these cases appear to be consistent for a given depositional environment and do not appear to be severely impacted by potential water l...

[1]  N. Newmark.  Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments , 1965 .

[2]  E. Spencer.  A Method of Analysis of the Stability of Embankments Assuming Parallel Inter-Slice Forces , 1967 .

[3]  H. Bolton Seed,et al.  Closure of "Simplified Procedure for Estimating Dam and Embankment Earthquake-Induced Deformations" , 1977 .

[4]  Izzat M. Idriss,et al.  NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF SOFT CLAYS DURING CYCLIC LOADING , 1978 .

[5]  Michael J. Bennett,et al.  Subsurface investigation of liquefaction, Imperial Valley earthquake, California, October 15, 1979 , 1981 .

[6]  T. Leslie Youd,et al.  Liquefaction Sites, Imperial Valley, California , 1983 .

[7]  Robert V. Whitman,et al.  Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake‐induced plastic slip in earth dams , 1983 .

[8]  Kohji Tokimatsu,et al.  Simplified procedures for the evaluation of settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking , 1987 .

[9]  Michael J. Bennett,et al.  Geotechnical investigation of liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California , 1984 .

[10]  Renato Lancellotta,et al.  NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTING OF SOILS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, SAN FRANCISCO, 12-16 AUGUST 1985 , 1985 .

[11]  Riley M. Chung,et al.  Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance Evaluations , 1985 .

[12]  H. Bolton Seed,et al.  Closure to “ Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data ” by H. Bolton Seed, I. M. Idriss, and Ignacio Arango, (March, 1983) , 1985 .

[13]  E. Harp,et al.  The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Liquefaction , 1985 .

[14]  T. Leslie Youd,et al.  Mapping of Liquefaction Severity Index , 1987 .

[15]  T. L. Youd,et al.  Subsurface investigation of a liquefaction-induced lateral spread, Thousand Springs Valley, Idaho. Final report , 1987 .

[16]  H. Bolton Seed,et al.  Design Problems in Soil Liquefaction , 1987 .

[17]  Jiro Kuwano,et al.  ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF EARTH DAMS DUE TO EARTHQUAKES , 1988 .

[18]  Michael J. Bennett,et al.  Liquefaction Analysis of the 1971 Ground Failure at the San Fernando Valley Juvenile Hall, California , 1989 .

[19]  T. Holzer,et al.  Dynamics of Liquefaction During the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, Earthquake , 1989, Science.

[20]  Fred H. Kulhawy,et al.  Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design , 1990 .

[21]  Thomas E. Chase,et al.  Offshore and onshore liquefaction at Moss Landing spit, central California—Result of the October 17,1989, Loma Prieta earthquake , 1991 .

[22]  Peter M. Byrne,et al.  A Model for Predicting Liquefaction Induced Displacement , 1991 .

[23]  G Mesri,et al.  Closure of "Undrained Shear Strength of Liquefied Sands for Stability Analysis" , 1992 .

[24]  I. Towhata,et al.  Geotechnical aspects of the June 20, 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran. , 1992 .

[25]  浜田 政則,et al.  Case studies of liquefaction and lifeline performance during past earthquakes , 1992 .

[26]  Ricardo Dobry,et al.  Engineering Evaluation of Permanent Ground Deformations Due to Seismically Induced Liquefaction , 1992 .

[27]  R. Dobry,et al.  Modeling of Lateral Spreads in Silty Sands by Sliding Soil Blocks , 1992 .

[28]  Steven F. Bartlett,et al.  Empirical Analysis of Horizontal Ground Displacement Generated by Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreads , 1992 .

[29]  K. Ishihara.  Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes. , 1993 .

[30]  Ikuo Towhata,et al.  LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED GROUND DAMAGE IN DAGUPAN IN THE JULY 16, 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE , 1993 .

[31]  Kohji Tokimatsu,et al.  Liquefaction-induced damage to buildings in 1990 Luzon earthquake , 1994 .

[32]  M. Yegian,et al.  Liquefaction during the 1990 Manjil, Iran, earthquake, I: Case history data , 1995 .

[33]  M. J. Bennett,et al.  Geotechnical data from surface and subsurface samples outside of and within liquefaction-related ground failures caused by the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake, Santa Cruz and Monterey counties, California , 1995 .

[34]  Liquefaction during the 1990 Manjil, Iran, earthquake, II: Case history analyses , 1995 .

[35]  C. E. Fear.  In-situ testing for liquefaction evaluation of sandy soils , 1996 .

[36]  Steven L. Kramer,et al.  MODIFIED NEWMARK MODEL FOR SEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS OF COMPLIANT SLOPES , 1997 .

[37]  E Kavazanjian,et al.  NEWMARK DEFORMATION ANALYSIS WITH DEGRADING YIELD ACCELERATION , 1997 .

[38]  Wayne A. Charlie,et al.  DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL IN SOILS OF MONTEREY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA , 1998 .

[39]  J. Egan,et al.  ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED DAMAGE ON TREASURE ISLAND , 1998 .

[40]  Steven L. Kramer,et al.  Shear strength of liquefied soil , 1998 .

[41]  Michael J. Bennett,et al.  Subsurface geotechnical investigations near sites of ground deformation caused by the January 17, 1994, Northridge, California, earthquake , 1998 .

[42]  L. Mejia.  LIQUEFACTION AT MOSS LANDING , 1998 .

[43]  K. Rollins,et al.  COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND MEASURED LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED SETTLEMENTS IN THE MARINA DISTRICT, SAN FRANCISCO , 1998 .

[44]  Robert E. Kayen,et al.  APPENDIX : MAPS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF LIQUEFACTION AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS , 1998 .

[45]  Ricardo Dobry,et al.  Post-Triggering Response of Liquefied Sand in the Free Field and Near Foundations , 1998 .

[46]  Víctor M. Taboada-Urtuzuástegui,et al.  Centrifuge modeling of earthquake-induced lateral spreading in sand , 1998 .

[47]  R. D. Hryciw,et al.  POSTEARTHQUAKE INVESTIGATIONS AT LIQUEFACTION SITES IN SANTA CRUZ AND ON TREASURE ISLAND , 1998 .

[48]  Ross W. Boulanger,et al.  Behavior of a fine-grained soil during the Loma Prieta earthquake , 1998 .

[49]  Ross W. Boulanger,et al.  Liquefaction at Moss Landing during Loma Prieta Earthquake , 1999 .

[50]  Mitsutoshi Yoshimine,et al.  Undrained shear strength of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction: Reply , 1999 .

[51]  Michael J. Bennett,et al.  Liquefaction and Soil Failure during 1994 Northridge Earthquake , 1999 .

[52]  P K Robertson,et al.  Reconsideration of case histories for estimating undrained shear strength in sandy soils , 1999 .

[53]  Jonathan D. Bray,et al.  NONLINEAR COUPLED SEISMIC SLIDING ANALYSIS OF EARTH STRUCTURES , 2000 .

[54]  Alan F. Rauch,et al.  EPOLLS Model for Predicting Average Displacements on Lateral Spreads , 2000 .

[55]  M Chiru-Danzer,et al.  Estimation of liquefaction-induced horizontal displacements using artificial neural networks , 2001 .

[56]  J. Bray,et al.  Liquefaction-induced ground deformations at Hotel Sapanca during Kocaeli (Izmit),Turkey earthquake , 2002 .

[57]  Steven F. Bartlett,et al.  Revised Multilinear Regression Equations for Prediction of Lateral Spread Displacement , 2002 .

[58]  Timothy D. Stark,et al.  Liquefied strength ratio from liquefaction flow failure case histories , 2002 .

[59]  Robb E.S. Moss,et al.  CPT-Based Probabilistic Assessment of Seismic Soil Liquefaction Initiation. , 2003 .

[60]  Randall W. Jibson,et al.  Java Programs for Using Newmark's Method and Simplified Decoupled Analysis to Model Slope Performance During Earthquakes , 2003 .

[61]  T. Youd.  70 - Liquefaction Mechanisms and Induced Ground Failure , 2003 .

[62]  Michael K. Sharp,et al.  Liquefaction Centrifuge Modeling of Sands of Different Permeability , 2003 .

[63]  Takaji Kokusho,et al.  Current state of research on flow failure considering void redistribution in liquefied deposits , 2003 .

[64]  Eugene A. Miller,et al.  Seismic Performance and Deformation of Levees: Four Case Studies , 2004 .

[65]  Ross W. Boulanger,et al.  Strength Loss and Localization at Silt Interlayers in Slopes of Liquefied Sand , 2004 .

[66]  Armen Der Kiureghian,et al.  STANDARD PENETRATION TEST-BASED PROBABILISTIC AND DETERMINISTIC ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC SOIL LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL , 2004 .

[67]  Peter K. Robertson,et al.  Estimating liquefaction-induced lateral displacements using the standard penetration test or cone penetration test , 2004 .

[68]  J. Boatwright,et al.  Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in Oceano, California, during the 2003 San Simeon Earthquake , 2004 .

[69]  Jonathan P. Stewart,et al.  Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading at Izmit Bay during the Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey Earthquake , 2004 .

[70]  Bruce L. Kutter,et al.  Effects of Layer Thickness and Density on Settlement and Lateral Spreading , 2004 .

[71]  M. Baziar,et al.  Evaluation of lateral spreading using artificial neural networks , 2005 .

[72]  J. Stewart,et al.  Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in near-fault regions during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake , 2006 .

[73]  William N. Houston,et al.  Microcomputer-Aided Evaluation of Earthquake-Induced Permanent Slope Displacements , 2008 .